%--------------------------------------------------------------------------
% File     : GRP039-4 : TPTP v8.2.0. Released v1.0.0.
% Domain   : Group Theory (Subgroups)
% Problem  : Subgroups of index 2 are normal
% Version  : [MOW76] axioms.
% English  : If O is a subgroup of G and there are exactly 2 cosets
%            in G/O, then O is normal [that is, for all x in G and
%            y in O, x*y*inverse(x) is back in O].

% Refs     : [MOW76] McCharen et al. (1976), Problems and Experiments for a
%          : [OMW76] Overbeek et al. (1976), Complexity and Related Enhance
%          : [Wos88] Wos (1988), Automated Reasoning - 33 Basic Research Pr
% Source   : [MOW76]
% Names    : G7 [MOW76]
%          : Theorem 3 [OMW76]
%          : Test Problem 1 [Wos88]
%          : Subgroups of Index 2 [Wos88]
%          : index.ver1.in [ANL]

% Status   : Unsatisfiable
% Rating   : 0.20 v8.2.0, 0.24 v8.1.0, 0.11 v7.5.0, 0.21 v7.4.0, 0.18 v7.3.0, 0.08 v7.1.0, 0.00 v7.0.0, 0.20 v6.4.0, 0.27 v6.3.0, 0.18 v6.2.0, 0.20 v6.1.0, 0.21 v6.0.0, 0.20 v5.5.0, 0.55 v5.3.0, 0.50 v5.2.0, 0.38 v5.1.0, 0.41 v5.0.0, 0.36 v4.1.0, 0.31 v4.0.1, 0.36 v3.7.0, 0.20 v3.5.0, 0.27 v3.4.0, 0.42 v3.3.0, 0.43 v3.2.0, 0.46 v3.1.0, 0.36 v2.7.0, 0.50 v2.6.0, 0.40 v2.5.0, 0.42 v2.4.0, 0.44 v2.2.1, 0.67 v2.2.0, 0.67 v2.1.0, 0.78 v2.0.0
% Syntax   : Number of clauses     :   17 (  10 unt;   2 nHn;  10 RR)
%            Number of literals    :   33 (   1 equ;  13 neg)
%            Maximal clause size   :    4 (   1 avg)
%            Maximal term depth    :    2 (   1 avg)
%            Number of predicates  :    3 (   2 usr;   0 prp; 1-3 aty)
%            Number of functors    :    8 (   8 usr;   5 con; 0-2 aty)
%            Number of variables   :   30 (   0 sgn)
% SPC      : CNF_UNS_RFO_SEQ_NHN

% Comments : Used to define a subgroup of index two is a theorem which
%            says that {for all x, for all y, there exists a z such that
%            if x and y are both not in the subgroup O, then z is in O and
%            x*z=y} if & only if {O has index 2 in G}. This z is named
%            by the skolem function i(x,y). Explanation: If O is of index
%            two in G, then there are exactly two cosets, namely O and
%            uO for some u not in O. If both of x and y are not in O, then
%            they are in uO. But then xO=yO, which implies that there
%            exists some z in O such that x*z=y. If the condition holds
%            that {for all x, for all y, there exists a z such that
%            if x and y are both not in the subgroup O, then z is in O and
%            x*z=y}, then xO=yO for all x,y not in O, which implies that
%            there are at most two cosets; and there must be at least two,
%            namely O and xO, since x is not in O. Therefore O must
%            be of index two.
%          : element_in_O2(A,B) is A^-1.B. The axioms with element_in_O2
%            force index 2.
%--------------------------------------------------------------------------
%----Include group theory axioms
include('Axioms/GRP003-0.ax').
%----Include sub-group theory axioms
include('Axioms/GRP003-1.ax').
%--------------------------------------------------------------------------
%----This axiom is dependent
cnf(identity_is_in_subgroup,axiom,
    subgroup_member(identity) ).

%----Definition of subgroup of index 2
cnf(an_element_in_O2,axiom,
    ( subgroup_member(element_in_O2(A,B))
    | subgroup_member(B)
    | subgroup_member(A) ) ).

cnf(property_of_O2,axiom,
    ( product(A,element_in_O2(A,B),B)
    | subgroup_member(B)
    | subgroup_member(A) ) ).

%----Denial of theorem
cnf(b_is_in_subgroup,negated_conjecture,
    subgroup_member(b) ).

cnf(b_times_a_inverse_is_c,negated_conjecture,
    product(b,inverse(a),c) ).

cnf(a_times_c_is_d,negated_conjecture,
    product(a,c,d) ).

cnf(prove_d_is_in_subgroup,negated_conjecture,
    ~ subgroup_member(d) ).

%--------------------------------------------------------------------------