TPTP Documents File: SZSOntology
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The SZS ontologies (named after the authors of the original paper describing
the success ontology [1]) provide status values to describe logical data. The
SZS success ontology provides status values to describe what is known or has
been successfully established about the relationship between the axioms and
conjectures in logical data. The SZS no-success ontology provides status values
to describe why a success ontology value has not been established. The SZS
dataform ontology provides status values to describe the nature of logical
data. All status values are expressed as "OneWord" to make system output
parsing simple, and also have a three letter mnemonic.
Commonly Used Ontology Values
-----------------------------
The ontologies are very fine grained ontology, which have more status values
and dataforms than are commonly used by ATP systems. Suitable subsets for
practical purposes are as follows:
+ For Success
- For problems with conjectures - report
Theorem or ContradictoryAxioms or CounterSatisfiable
- For problems without conjectures - report
Satisfiable or Unsatisfiable
+ For No-success
- System stopped due to CPU limit - report Timeout
- System gave up due to incompleteness - report GaveUp
- System stopped due to an error - report Error
+ For Dataforms
- A generic proof - report Proof
- A CNF refutation - report CNFRefutation
- A generic model - report Model
- A finite model - report FiniteModel
- An infinite model - report InfiniteModel
- A saturation - report Saturation
Success ontology values are also used in TPTP format proofs to record the
relationship between the parents and inferred formula of each inference step.
Commonly used values are:
- The inferred formula is a theorem of the parents (logical consequences,
e.g., resolvants, etc.) - report Theorem
- The inferred and parent formulae are equisatisfiable (e.g., Skolemization)
- report EquiSatisfiable
- The negation of the inferred formula is a theorem of the parents (e.g.,
negating the conjecture in a proof by refutation) - report CounterTheorem
Standard Presentation of Ontology Values
----------------------------------------
The solution status should be reported exactly once, in a line starting
"% SZS status" (the leading '%' makes the line into a TPTP language comment).
For examples:
% SZS status Unsatisfiable for SYN075+1
% SZS status GaveUp for SYN075+1
A success or no-success ontology value should be presented as early as
possible, at least before any data output to justify the value.
The justifying data should be reported exactly once, delimited by lines
starting "% SZS output start" and "% SZS output end".
For example:
% SZS output start CNFRefutation for SYN075-1
...
% SZS output end CNFRefutation for SYN075-1
All "SZS" lines lines can optionally have software specific information
appended, separated by a :. For examples:
% SZS status GaveUp for SYN075+1 : Could not complete CNF conversion
% SZS output end CNFRefutation for SYN075-1 : Completed in CNF conversion
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The SZS Success Ontology
------------------------
The ontology assumes that the input is a 2-tuple of the form <Ax, C>, where
Ax is a set (conjunction) of axioms and C is a set (conjunction) of conjecture
formulae. This is a common standard usage of ATP systems (often there is only
a single conjecture formula). If the input is not of the form <Ax, C>, it is
treated as a conjecture formula (even if it is a "set of axioms" from the user
view point, e.g., a set of formulae all with the TPTP role "axiom"), and the
2-tuple is <TRUE, C>. The ontology values can also be interpreted in terms of
the formula F, of the form Ax => C. The ontology values are based on the
possible relationships between the sets of models of Ax and C. In the figure
below many of the "OneWord" status values are abbreviated - see the list below
for the official full "OneWord"s. The lines in the ontology can be followed up
the hierarchy as isa links, e.g., an ETH isa EQV isa (SAT and a THM).
Success
SUC
___________________________|_______________________________
| | | | |
UnsatPre SatPre | CtrSatPre CtrUnsatPre
UNP SAP | CSP CUP
|_______/ | | | \_______|
| | | | |
EquSat | FiniteThm | EquCtrSat
/ ESA | FTH | ECS
/ | | / | |
| Sat'ble Theorem CtrThm CtrSat
| SAT THM CTH CSA
| | \______.|._____________________________________.|.______/ | \
| | \ | | | | \
ModPre | FinSat | NoConq | FinUns | FinCtrSat
MPR | FSA | NOC | FUN | FCS
| | |_______________________________________| | |
| | | | | | |
\ | SatAxThm CtraAx SatAxCth | |
\ | STH CAX SCT : |
\ _|_________|_ ____|____ _|_________|_
| | | | | | | : |
Eqvlnt TautC WeakC SatConCA SatCCoCA WkCC UnsCon|CtrEqu
EQV TAC WEC SCA SCC WCC UNC | CEQ
__|__ _|_ __|__ __|___ ___|__ __|__ _|_ |__|__
| | / \ | | | \ / | | | / \| |
Equiv Taut- Weaker Weaker TauCon WCon UnsCon Weaker Weaker Unsat Equiv
Thm ology TautCo Thm CtraAx CtraAx CtraAx CtrThm UnsCon -able CtrTh
ETH TAU WTC WTH TCA WCA UCA WCT WUC UNS ECT
+ Success (SUC):
The logical data has been processed successfully.
+ UnsatisfiabilityPreserving (UNP):
If there does not exist a model of Ax then there does not exist a model of
C, i.e., if Ax is unsatisfiable then C is unsatisfiable.
+ SatisfiabilityPreserving (SAP):
If there exists a model of Ax then there exists a model of C, i.e., if Ax
is satisfiable then C is satisfiable.
- F is satisfiable.
+ EquiSatisfiable (ESA):
There exists a model of Ax iff there exists a model of C, i.e., Ax is
(un)satisfiable iff C is (un)satisfiable.
+ Satisfiable (SAT):
Some interpretations are models of Ax, and
some models of Ax are models of C.
- F is satisfiable, and ~F is not valid.
- Possible dataforms are Models of Ax | C.
+ FinitelySatisfiable (FSA):
Some finite interpretations are finite models of Ax, and
some finite models of Ax are finite models of C.
- F is satisfiable, and ~F is not valid.
- Possible dataforms are FiniteModels of Ax | C.
+ FiniteTheorem (FTH):
All finite models of Ax are finite models of C.
- Any models of Ax | ~C are infinite.
+ Theorem (THM):
All models of Ax are models of C.
- F is valid, and C is a theorem of Ax.
- Possible dataforms are Proofs of C from Ax.
+ SatisfiableTheorem (STH):
Some interpretations are models of Ax, and
all models of Ax are models of C.
- F is valid, and C is a theorem of Ax.
- Possible dataforms are Models of Ax with Proofs of C from Ax.
+ Model Preserving (MPR):
Some interpretations are models of Ax, and
some interpretations are models of C, and
all models of C are conservative extensions of models of Ax
(which means that all models of C are models of Ax).
+ Equivalent (EQV):
Some interpretations are models of Ax,
all models of Ax are models of C, and
all models of C are models of Ax.
- F is valid, C is a theorem of Ax, and Ax is a theorem of C.
- Possible dataforms are Proofs of C from Ax and of Ax from C.
+ TautologousConclusion (TAC):
Some interpretations are models of Ax, and
all interpretations are models of C.
- F is valid, and C is a tautology.
- Possible dataforms are Proofs of C.
+ WeakerConclusion (WEC):
Some interpretations are models of Ax,
all models of Ax are models of C, and
some models of C are not models of Ax.
- See Theorem and Satisfiable.
+ EquivalentTheorem (ETH):
Some, but not all, interpretations are models of Ax,
all models of Ax are models of C, and
all models of C are models of Ax.
- See Equivalent.
+ Tautology (TAU):
All interpretations are models of Ax, and
all interpretations are models of C.
- F is valid, ~F is unsatisfiable, and C is a tautology.
- Possible dataforms are Proofs of Ax and of C.
+ WeakerTautologousConclusion (WTC):
Some, but not all, interpretations are models of Ax, and
all interpretations are models of C.
- F is valid, and C is a tautology.
- See TautologousConclusion and WeakerConclusion.
+ WeakerTheorem (WTH):
Some interpretations are models of Ax,
all models of Ax are models of C,
some models of C are not models of Ax, and
some interpretations are not models of C.
- See Theorem and Satisfiable.
+ ContradictoryAxioms (CAX):
No interpretations are models of Ax.
- F is valid, and anything is a theorem of Ax.
- Possible dataforms are Refutations of Ax.
+ SatisfiableConclusionContradictoryAxioms (SCA):
No interpretations are models of Ax, and
some interpretations are models of C.
- See ContradictoryAxioms.
+ TautologousConclusionContradictoryAxioms (TCA):
No interpretations are models of Ax, and
all interpretations are models of C.
- See TautologousConclusion and SatisfiableConclusionContradictoryAxioms.
+ WeakerConclusionContradictoryAxioms (WCA):
No interpretations are models of Ax, and
some, but not all, interpretations are models of C.
- See SatisfiableConclusionContradictoryAxioms and
SatisfiableCounterConclusionContradictoryAxioms.
+ CounterUnsatisfiabilityPreserving (CUP):
If there does not exist a model of Ax then there does not exist a model of
~C, i.e., if Ax is unsatisfiable then ~C is unsatisfiable.
+ CounterSatisfiabilityPreserving (CSP):
If there exists a model of Ax then there exists a model of ~C, i.e., if Ax
is satisfiable then ~C is satisfiable.
+ EquiCounterSatisfiable (ECS):
There exists a model of Ax iff there exists a model of ~C, i.e., Ax is
(un)satisfiable iff ~C is (un)satisfiable.
+ CounterSatisfiable (CSA):
Some interpretations are models of Ax, and
some models of Ax are models of ~C.
- F is not valid, ~F is satisfiable, and C is not a theorem of Ax.
- Possible dataforms are Models of Ax | ~C.
+ FinitelyCounterSatisfiable (FCS):
Some finite interpretations are finite models of Ax, and
some finite models of Ax are finite models of ~C.
- F is not valid, ~F is satisfiable, and C is not a theorem of Ax.
- Possible dataforms are FiniteModels of Ax | ~C.
+ CounterTheorem (CTH):
All models of Ax are models of ~C.
- F is not valid, and ~C is a theorem of Ax.
- Possible dataforms are Proofs of ~C from Ax.
+ SatisfiableCounterTheorem (SCT):
Some interpretations are models of Ax, and
all models of Ax are models of ~C.
- F is valid, and ~C is a theorem of Ax.
- Possible dataforms are Models of Ax with Proofs of ~C from Ax.
+ CounterEquivalent (CEQ):
Some interpretations are models of Ax,
all models of Ax are models of ~C, and
all models of ~C are models of Ax
(i.e., all interpretations are models of Ax xor of C).
- F is not valid, and ~C is a theorem of Ax.
- Possible dataforms are Proofs of ~C from Ax and of Ax from ~C.
+ UnsatisfiableConclusion (UNC):
Some interpretations are models of Ax, and
all interpretations are models of ~C
(i.e., no interpretations are models of C).
- F is not valid, and ~C is a tautology.
- Possible dataforms are Proofs of ~C.
+ WeakerCounterConclusion (WCC):
Some interpretations are models of Ax, and
all models of Ax are models of ~C, and
some models of ~C are not models of Ax.
- See CounterTheorem and CounterSatisfiable.
+ EquivalentCounterTheorem (ECT):
Some, but not all, interpretations are models of Ax,
all models of Ax are models of ~C, and
all models of ~C are models of Ax.
- See CounterEquivalent.
+ FinitelyUnsatisfiable (FUN):
All finite interpretations are finite models of Ax, and
all finite interpretations are finite models of ~C
(i.e., no finite interpretations are finite models of C).
+ Unsatisfiable (UNS):
All interpretations are models of Ax, and
all interpretations are models of ~C.
(i.e., no interpretations are models of C).
- F is unsatisfiable, ~F is valid, and ~C is a tautology.
- Possible dataforms are Proofs of Ax and of C, and Refutations of F.
+ WeakerUnsatisfiableConclusion (WUC):
Some, but not all, interpretations are models of Ax, and
all interpretations are models of ~C.
- See Unsatisfiable and WeakerCounterConclusion.
+ WeakerCounterTheorem (WCT):
Some interpretations are models of Ax,
all models of Ax are models of ~C,
some models of ~C are not models of Ax, and
some interpretations are not models of ~C.
- See CounterSatisfiable.
+ SatisfiableCounterConclusionContradictoryAxioms (SCC):
No interpretations are models of Ax, and
some interpretations are models of ~C.
- See ContradictoryAxioms.
+ UnsatisfiableConclusionContradictoryAxioms (UCA):
No interpretations are models of Ax, and
all interpretations are models of ~C
(i.e., no interpretations are models of C).
- See UnsatisfiableConclusion and
- SatisfiableCounterConclusionContradictoryAxioms.
+ NoConsequence (NOC):
Some interpretations are models of Ax,
some models of Ax are models of C, and
some models of Ax are models of ~C.
- F is not valid, F is satisfiable, ~F is not valid, ~F is satisfiable, and
C is not a theorem of Ax.
- Possible dataforms are pairs of models, one Model of Ax | C and one Model
of Ax | ~C.
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The NoSuccess Ontology
----------------------
In order to understand and make productive use of a lack of success, it is
necessary to precisely specify the reason for and nature of the lack of
success. The SZS no-success ontology provides status values for describing the
reasons. Note that no-success is not the same as failure: failure means that
the software has completed its attempt to process the logical data and could
not establish a success ontology value. In contrast, no-success might be
because the software is still running, or that it has not yet even started
processing the logical data. In the figure below many of the "OneWord" status
values are abbreviated - see the list below for the official full "OneWord"s.
NoSuccess
NOS
____________________|_______________________________________
| | | |
Open Assumed Unknown Incorrect
OPN ASS(UNK,SUC) UNK INC
_________________|_________________
| | |
Stopped InProgress NotTried
STP INP NTT
____________________|________________ ____|____
| | | | |
Error Forced GaveUp | NotTriedYet
ERR FOR GUP | NTY
____|____ ____|____ _________|__________ |
| | | | | | | | |
OSError InputEr User ResourceOut Incompl | Inappro
OSE INE USR RSO INC | IAP
___|___ ___|___ v
| | | | | ERR
UseEr SynEr SemEr MemOut Timeout
USE SYE SEE MMO TMO
____|____ ____|____
| | | |
TypeError Unsemantic CPUTimeout WCTimeout
TYE USM CTO WTO
+ NoSuccess (NOS):
The logical data has not been processed successfully (yet).
+ Open (OPN):
A success value for the abstract problem has never been established.
+ Unknown (UNK):
A success value for the ATP problem has never been established.
+ Assumed (ASS(U,S)):
The success ontology value S has been assumed because the actual value is
unknown for the no-success ontology reason U. U is taken from the
subontology starting at Unknown in the no-success ontology.
+ Stopped (STP):
Software attempted to process the data, and stopped without a success status.
+ Error (ERR):
Software stopped due to an error.
+ OSError (OSE):
Software stopped due to an operating system error.
+ InputError (INE):
Software stopped due to an input error.
+ UsageError (USE):
Software stopped due to an ATP system usage error.
+ SyntaxError (SYE):
Software stopped due to an input syntax error.
+ SemanticError (SEE):
Software stopped due to an input semantic error.
+ TypeError (TYE):
Software stopped due to an input type error (for typed logical data).
+ Unsemantic (USM):
The semantics makes no sense (for semantics specifications).
+ Forced (FOR):
Software was forced to stop by an external force.
+ User (USR):
Software was forced to stop by the user.
+ ResourceOut (RSO):
Software stopped because some resource ran out.
+ Timeout (TMO):
Software stopped because a time limit ran out.
+ CPUTimeout (CTO):
Software stopped because the CPU time limit ran out.
+ WCTimeout (WTO):
Software stopped because the wall clock time limit ran out.
+ MemoryOut (MMO):
Software stopped because the memory limit ran out.
+ GaveUp (GUP):
Software gave up of its own accord.
+ Incomplete (INC):
Software gave up because it's incomplete.
+ Inappropriate (IAP):
Software gave up because it cannot process this type of data.
+ InProgress (INP):
Software is still running.
+ NotTried (NTT):
Software has not tried to process the data.
+ NotTriedYet (NTY):
Software has not tried to process the data yet, but might in the future.
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The Dataform Ontology
---------------------
The dataform ontology provides suitable values for describing the form of
logical data. The ontology values are commonly used to describe data provided
to justify a success ontology value, e.g., if an ATP system reports the success
ontology value Theorem it might output a proof to justify that. In the figure
below many of the "OneWord" status values are abbreviated - see the list below
for the official full "OneWord"s.
Data
Dat
_____________________|____________________
| |
LogicalData NonLogicalData
LDa NLd
__________|___________________________ ____|____
| | | | |
None Solution NotSoln Comment FreeText
Non Sol NSo Com FTx
__________|____________ ______|______
| | | | | |
Proof Interpretation ListFrm Assure IncPrf IncInt
Prf Int Lof Ass IPr IIn
___|___ |\ |___________
| | | Model | | | |
Derivn Refutn | Mod LiTHF/TFF/FOF/CNF
Der Ref |/ Lth/Ltf/Lfo/Lcn
| |________ |___|___|___|
CNFRef |\ \ |
CRf | Partial Strictly |
| PIn/PMo SIn/SMo |
|/_______/ |
__________|___________ _____|
| |/
Domain Int/Mod Herbrand Int/Mod
DIn/DMo HIn/HMo
DPI/DPM/DSI/DSM HPI/HPM/HSI/HSM
________|________ ____|____
| | | | |
Finite Integer Real Formula Saturation
FIn/FMo IIn/IMo RIn/RMo TIn/TMo Sat
FPI/FPM IPI/IPM RPI/RPM TPI/TPM
FSI/FSM ISI/ISM RSI/RSM TSI/TSM
+ Data (Dat):
Data output.
+ LogicalData (LDa):
Logical data.
+ Solution (Sln):
A solution.
+ Proof (Prf):
A proof.
+ Derivation (Der):
A derivation (inference steps ending in the theorem, in the Hilbert style).
+ Refutation (Ref):
A refutation (starting with Ax U ~C and ending in FALSE).
+ CNFRefutation (CRf):
A refutation in clause normal form, including, for FOF Ax or C, the
translation from FOF to CNF (without the FOF to CNF translation it's an
IncompleteProof).
+ Interpretation (Int):
An interpretation.
+ Model (Mod):
A model.
+ PartialInterpretation (Pin):
A partial interpretation.
+ PartialModel (PMo):
A partial model.
+ StrictlyPartialInterpretation (SIn):
A strictly partial interpretation.
+ StrictlyPartialModel (SMo):
A strictly partial model.
+ DomainInterpretation (DIn):
An interpretation whose domain is not the Herbrand universe.
+ DomainModel (DMo):
A model whose domain is not the Herbrand universe.
+ DomainPartialInterpretation (DPI):
A domain interpretation that is partial.
+ DomainPartialModel (DPM):
A domain model that is partial.
+ DomainStrictlyPartialInterpretation (DSI):
A domain interpretation that is strictly partial.
+ DomainStrictlyPartialModel (DSM):
A domain model that is strictly partial.
+ FiniteInterpretation:
A domain interpretation with a finite domain.
+ FiniteModel (FMo):
A domain model with a finite domain.
+ FinitePartialInterpretation (FPI):
A domain partial interpretation with a finite domain.
+ FinitePartialModel (FPM):
A domain partial model with a finite domain.
+ FiniteStrictlyPartialInterpretation (FSI):
A domain strictly partial interpretation with a finite domain.
+ FiniteStrictlyPartialModel (FSM):
A domain strictly partial model with a finite domain.
+ IntegerInterpretation (IIn):
An integer domain interpretation.
+ IntegerModel (IMo):
An integer domain model.
+ IntegerPartialInterpretation (IPI):
An integer domain partial interpretation.
+ IntegerPartialModel (IPM):
An integer domain partial model.
+ IntegerStrictlyPartialInterpretation (ISI):
An integer domain strictly partial interpretation.
+ IntegerStrictlyPartialModel (ISM):
An integer domain strictly partial model.
+ RealInterpretation (RIn):
A real domain interpretation.
+ RealModel (RMo):
A real domain model.
+ RealPartialInterpretation (RPI):
A real domain partial interpretation.
+ RealPartialModel (RPM):
A real domain partial model.
+ RealStrictlyPartialInterpretation (RSI):
A real domain strictly partial interpretation.
+ RealStrictlyPartialModel (RSM):
A real domain strictly partial model.
+ HerbrandInterpretation (HIn):
A Herbrand interpretation.
+ HerbrandModel (HMo):
A Herbrand model.
+ FormulaInterpretation (TIn):
A Herbrand interpretation defined by a set of TPTP formulae.
+ FormulaModel (TMo):
A Herbrand model defined by a set of TPTP formulae.
+ FormulaPartialInterpretation (TPI):
A Herbrand partial interpretation defined by a set of TPTP formulae.
+ FormulaPartialModel (TPM):
A Herbrand partial model defined by a set of TPTP formulae.
+ FormulaStrictlyPartialInterpretation (TSI):
A Herbrand strictly partial interpretation defined by a set of TPTP formulae.
+ FormulaStrictlyPartialModel (TSM):
A Herbrand strictly partial model defined by a set of TPTP formulae.
+ Saturation (Sat):
A Herbrand model expressed as a saturated set of formulae.
+ ListOfFormulae (Lof):
A list of formulae.
+ ListOfTHF (Lth):
A list of THF formulae.
+ ListOfTFF (Ltf):
A list of TFF formulae.
+ ListOfFOF (Lfo):
A list of FOF formulae.
+ ListOfCNF (Lcn):
A list of CNF formulae.
+ NotASolution (NSo):
Something that is not a well formed solution.
+ Assurance (Ass):
Only an assurance of the success ontology value.
+ IncompleteProof (IPr):
A proof with some part missing.
+ IncompleteInterpretation (IIn):
An interpretation with some part missing.
+ NonLogicalData (NLd):
Non-logical output.
+ Comment (Com):
TPTP format comments (starting with %).
+ FreeText (FTx):
Anything you want.
+ None (Non):
Nothing.
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References
----------
[1] Sutcliffe G., Zimmer J., Schulz S. (2003), Communication Formalisms for
Automated Theorem Proving Tools, Sorge V. Colton S. Fisher M. Gow J.,
Proceedings of the Workshop on Agents and Automated Reasoning, 18th
International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, (Acapulco,
Mexico), 52-57.
[2] Sutcliffe G., Zimmer J., Schulz S. (2004), TSTP Data-Exchange Formats
for Automated Theorem Proving Tools, Zhang W., Sorge V., Distributed
Constraint Problem Solving and Reasoning in Multi-Agent Systems, Frontiers
in Artificial Intelligence and Applications 112, 201-215.
[3] Sutcliffe G. (2008), The SZS Ontologies for Automated Reasoning Software,
Rudnicki P., Sutcliffe G., Proceedings of the LPAR Workshops: Knowledge
Exchange: Automated Provers and Proof Assistants, and The 7th International
Workshop on the Implementation of Logics (Doha, Qattar), CEUR Workshop
Proceedings 418, 38-49.
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