Entrants' Sample Solutions

FM-Darwin 1.4.1
E and EP 0.999
E-KRHyper 1.0
Geo 2007f
Metis 2.0
Otter 3.3
Paradox 1.3
Paradox 2.2
Vampire 8.1
Vampire 9.0

FM-Darwin 1.4.1

Peter Baumgartner¹, Alexander Fuchs², Cesare Tinelli²
¹NICTA, Australia,
²The University of Iowa, USA

The finite models output by FM-Darwin conform to the TPTP standard.

Sample solution for `MGT019+2`

fof(interpretation_domain, fi_domain,
    ! [X] : ( X = e1 )
    ).

fof(interpretation_terms, fi_functors, (
    ( ! [X0, X1] : (disbanding_rate(X0, X1) = e1) )
    &
    ( (efficient_producers = e1) )
    &
    ( (esk1_0 = e1) )
    &
    ( (esk2_0 = e1) )
    &
    ( ! [X0] : (esk3_1(X0) = e1) )
    &
    ( (esk4_0 = e1) )
    &
    ( ! [X0] : (esk5_1(X0) = e1) )
    &
    ( (first_movers = e1) )
    &
    ( ! [X0, X1] : (founding_rate(X0, X1) = e1) )
    &
    ( ! [X0, X1] : (growth_rate(X0, X1) = e1) )
    ) ).

fof(interpretation_atoms, fi_predicates, (
    ( ! [X0] :  ( environment(X0) <=> (
        ( (X0 = e1) )
    ) ) )
    &
    ( ! [X0, X1] :  ( greater(X0, X1) <=> $false ) )
    &
    ( ! [X0, X1] :  ( greater_or_equal(X0, X1) <=> (
        ( (X0 = e1) & (X1 = e1) )
    ) ) )
    &
    ( ! [X0, X1] :  ( in_environment(X0, X1) <=> (
        ( (X0 = e1) & (X1 = e1) )
    ) ) )
    &
    ( ! [X0] :  ( stable(X0) <=> (
        ( (X0 = e1) )
    ) ) )
    &
    ( ! [X0, X1, X2, X3] :  ( subpopulations(X0, X1, X2, X3) <=> (
        ( (X0 = e1) & (X1 = e1) & (X2 = e1) & (X3 = e1) )
    ) ) )
    ) ).

Sample solution for `SWV010+1`

fof(interpretation_domain, fi_domain,
    ! [X] : ( X = e1 )
    ).

fof(interpretation_terms, fi_functors, (
    ( (a = e1) )
    &
    ( (an_a_nonce = e1) )
    &
    ( (at = e1) )
    &
    ( (b = e1) )
    &
    ( (bt = e1) )
    &
    ( ! [X0, X1] : (encrypt(X0, X1) = e1) )
    &
    ( ! [X0] : (generate_b_nonce(X0) = e1) )
    &
    ( ! [X0] : (generate_expiration_time(X0) = e1) )
    &
    ( ! [X0] : (generate_key(X0) = e1) )
    &
    ( ! [X0, X1] : (key(X0, X1) = e1) )
    &
    ( ! [X0, X1] : (pair(X0, X1) = e1) )
    &
    ( ! [X0, X1, X2, X3] : (quadruple(X0, X1, X2, X3) = e1) )
    &
    ( ! [X0, X1, X2] : (sent(X0, X1, X2) = e1) )
    &
    ( (t = e1) )
    &
    ( ! [X0, X1, X2] : (triple(X0, X1, X2) = e1) )
    ) ).

fof(interpretation_atoms, fi_predicates, (
    ( ! [X0] : a_holds(X0) )
    &
    ( ! [X0] :  ( a_stored(X0) <=> (
        ( (X0 = e1) )
    ) ) )
    &
    ( ! [X0] : b_holds(X0) )
    &
    ( ! [X0] :  ( b_stored(X0) <=> (
        ( (X0 = e1) )
    ) ) )
    &
    ( ! [X0] :  ( fresh_to_b(X0) <=> (
        ( (X0 = e1) )
    ) ) )
    &
    ( ! [X0] :  ( message(X0) <=> (
        ( (X0 = e1) )
    ) ) )
    &
    ( ! [X0] : party_of_protocol(X0) )
    &
    ( ! [X0] :  ( t_holds(X0) <=> (
        ( (X0 = e1) )
    ) ) )
    ) ).

Sample solution for `MGT031-1`

fof(interpretation_domain, fi_domain,
    ! [X] : ( X = e1 | X = e2 )
    ).

fof(interpretation_domain, fi_domain,
    ( e1 != e2 )
    ).

fof(interpretation_terms, fi_functors, (
    ( (an_organisation = e1) )
    &
    ( ! [X0, X1, X2] :  ( (appear(X0, X1) = X2) <=> (
        ( ( (X2 = e1) ) & ~( (X0 = e2) & (X1 = e2) ) & ~( (X0 = e1) & (X1 = e1) 
) )
        |
        ( (X0 = e1) & (X1 = e1) & (X2 = e2) )
        |
        ( (X0 = e2) & (X1 = e2) & (X2 = e2) )
    ) ) )
    &
    ( ! [X0, X1] : (cardinality_at_time(X0, X1) = e1) )
    &
    ( (e = e1) )
    &
    ( (efficient_producers = e1) )
    &
    ( (first_movers = e2) )
    &
    ( ! [X0, X1, X2] :  ( (number_of_organizations(X0, X1) = X2) <=> (
        ( ( (X2 = e1) ) & ~( (X0 = e1) & (X1 = e1) ) )
        |
        ( (X0 = e1) & (X1 = e1) & (X2 = e2) )
    ) ) )
    &
    ( ! [X0, X1] : (sk1(X0, X1) = e1) )
    &
    ( (sk2 = e2) )
    &
    ( (zero = e1) )
    ) ).

fof(interpretation_atoms, fi_predicates, (
    ( ! [X0] :  ( environment(X0) <=> (
        ( (X0 = e2) )
    ) ) )
    &
    ( ! [X0, X1] :  ( greater(X0, X1) <=> (
        ( (X0 = e2) & (X1 = e2) )
        |
        ( (X0 = e2) & (X1 = e1) )
    ) ) )
    &
    ( ! [X0, X1] :  ( greater_or_equal(X0, X1) <=> (
        ( (X0 = e2) & (X1 = e1) )
        |
        ( (X1 = X0) )
    ) ) )
    &
    ( ! [X0, X1] :  ( in_environment(X0, X1) <=> (
        ( (X0 = e2) & (X1 = e1) )
    ) ) )
    &
    ( ! [X0, X1, X2] :  ( subpopulation(X0, X1, X2) <=> $false ) )
    ) ).

E and EP 0.999

Stephan Schulz
Institut für Informatik, Technische Universität, Germany

EP will use the current version of the new TPTP output format. The following rule names are defined for the main proof search:

er: Equality resolution: x!=a v x=x ==> a=a
pm: Paramodulation. Note that E considers all literals as equational, and thus also performs resolution by a combination of top-level paramodulation and (implicit) clause normalization.
spm: Simultaneous Paramodulation. See note on paramodulation above.
ef: Equality factoring (factor equations on one side only, move the remaining disequation into the precondition): x=a v b=c v x=d ==> a!=c v b=c vb=d
split: Clause splitting a la Vampire (non-deductive, but maintains unsatisfiability)
rw: Rewriting, each rw-expression corresponds to exacly one rewrite step with the named clause. This is also used for equational unfolding.
sr: Simplify-reflect: An (equational) version of unit-cutting. As as example, see this positive simplify-reflect step: [a=b], [f(a)!=f(b)] => [].
csr: Contextual simplify-reflect (also known as contextual literal cutting or subsumption resolution): Literal cutting with non-unit clauses if one of the literals is implied in the context of the clause to be simplified.
ar: AC-resolution: Delete literals that are trivial modulo the AC-theory induced by the named clauses
cn: Clause normalize, delete trivial and repeated literals. This step is often implicit, but can sometimes occcur explicitely.

Additionally, the clausification will use additional rule names:

assume_negation: Negate a conjecture for a proof by refutation.
fof_nnf: Convert a formula to negation normal form by moving negation signs inward to the literals, and eleminating equivalences and implications.
shift_quantors: Move quantors (inwards for mini-scoping or outwards for the final conjunctive normal form).
variable_rename: Rename bound variables to make sure each quantor binds a different variable.
skolemize: Eleminate existential quantors via Skolemization.
distribute: Apply distributivity law to move and outwards over or.
split_conjunct: Split of one conjunct from a formula in conjunctive normal form to create a clause.
fof_simplification: Perform standard simplification steps on the formula. This may also replaces back implications and exclusive or with equivalent constructs using implications and equivalences.
def_intro: Introduce a (polarity-dependend) definition for a formula.
def_fold: Apply a definition to replace a subformula with a properly defined literal. These last two rules are not yet implemented, and thus not demonstrated below.

The first proof uses all proof search inferences except for "ef", "spm", and "csr", although it uses some in fairly trivial ways. The second proof is for SYN075+1, and also contains the clausification steps. The final proof is the proof for SYN075-1, and contains examples for "ef" and "csr".

ALL_RULES

# Problem is unsatisfiable (or provable), constructing proof object
# TSTP exit status: Unsatisfiable
# Proof object starts here.
cnf(1,axiom,(f(X1,X2)=f(X2,X1)),file('ALL_RULES.lop', at_line_19_column_1)).
cnf(2,axiom,(f(X1,f(X2,X3))=f(f(X1,X2),X3)),file('ALL_RULES.lop', at_line_20_column_1)).
cnf(3,axiom,(g(X1,X2)=g(X2,X1)),file('ALL_RULES.lop', at_line_21_column_1)).
cnf(4,axiom,(f(f(X1,X2),f(X3,g(X4,X5)))!=f(f(g(X4,X5),X3),f(X2,X1))|k(X1,X1)!=k(
a,b)),file('ALL_RULES.lop', at_line_22_column_1)).
cnf(5,axiom,(b=c|X1!=X2|X3!=X4|c!=d),file('ALL_RULES.lop', at_line_24_column_1)).
cnf(6,axiom,(a=b|a=c),file('ALL_RULES.lop', at_line_26_column_1)).
cnf(7,axiom,(i(X1)=i(X2)),file('ALL_RULES.lop', at_line_28_column_1)).
cnf(8,axiom,(c=d|h(i(a))!=h(i(e))),file('ALL_RULES.lop', at_line_29_column_1)).
cnf(13,derived,(k(a,b)!=k(X1,X1)),inference(ar,[status(thm)],[4,1,3,2,theory(equality)])).
cnf(23,derived,(c=b|epred1_0|X3!=X4|d!=c),inference(split,[split(esplit,[])],[5])).
cnf(24,derived,(epred2_0|X1!=X2),inference(split,[split(esplit,[])],[5])).
cnf(25,derived,(~epred2_0|~epred1_0),inference(split,[split(esplit,[])],[5])).
cnf(26,derived,(epred2_0),inference(er,[status(thm)],[24,theory(equality)])).
cnf(27,derived,($false|~epred1_0),inference(rw,[status(thm)],[25,26,theory(equality)])).
cnf(28,derived,(~epred1_0),inference(cn,[status(thm)],[27,theory(equality)])).
cnf(29,derived,(c=b|epred1_0|d!=c),inference(er,[status(thm)],[23,theory(equality)])).
cnf(30,derived,(c=b|d!=c),inference(sr,[status(thm)],[29,28,theory(equality)])).
cnf(31,derived,(d=c),inference(sr,[status(thm)],[8,7,theory(equality)])).
cnf(32,derived,(c=b|$false),inference(rw,[status(thm)],[30,31,theory(equality)])).
cnf(33,derived,(c=b),inference(cn,[status(thm)],[32,theory(equality)])).
cnf(34,derived,(b=a),inference(pm,[status(thm)],[6,33,theory(equality)])).
cnf(36,derived,(k(b,b)!=k(X1,X1)),inference(rw,[status(thm)],[13,34,theory(equality)])).
cnf(75,derived,($false),inference(er,[status(thm)],[36,theory(equality)])).
cnf(76,derived,($false),75,['proof']).
# Proof object ends here.

Sample FOF proof for `SYN075+1`

# Problem is unsatisfiable (or provable), constructing proof object
# TSTP exit status: Theorem
# Proof object starts here.
fof(1, axiom,?[X1]:?[X2]:![X3]:![X4]:(big_f(X3,X4)<=>(X3=X1&X4=X2)),file('/Users/schulz/EPROVER/TPTP_3.0.1_FLAT/SYN075+1.p', pel52_1)).
fof(2, conjecture,?[X2]:![X4]:(?[X1]:![X3]:(big_f(X3,X4)<=>X3=X1)<=>X4=X2),file('/Users/schulz/EPROVER/TPTP_3.0.1_FLAT/SYN075+1.p', pel52)).
fof(3, negated_conjecture-derived,~(?[X2]:![X4]:(?[X1]:![X3]:(big_f(X3,X4)<=>X3=X1)<=>X4=X2)),inference(assume_negation,[status(cth)],[2])).
fof(4, derived,?[X1]:?[X2]:![X3]:![X4]:((~(big_f(X3,X4))|(X3=X1&X4=X2))&((~(X3=X1)|~(X4=X2))|big_f(X3,X4))),inference(fof_nnf,[status(thm)],[1])).
fof(5, derived,?[X1]:?[X2]:(![X3]:![X4]:(~(big_f(X3,X4))|(X3=X1&X4=X2))&![X3]:![X4]:((~(X3=X1)|~(X4=X2))|big_f(X3,X4))),inference(shift_quantors,[status(thm)],[4])).
fof(6, derived,?[X5]:?[X6]:(![X7]:![X8]:(~(big_f(X7,X8))|(X7=X5&X8=X6))&![X9]:![X10]:((~(X9=X5)|~(X10=X6))|big_f(X9,X10))),inference(variable_rename,[status(thm)],[5])).
fof(7, derived,(![X7]:![X8]:(~(big_f(X7,X8))|(X7=esk1_0&X8=esk2_0))&![X9]:![X10]:((~(X9=esk1_0)|~(X10=esk2_0))|big_f(X9,X10))),inference(skolemize,[status(sab)],[6])).
fof(8, derived,![X7]:![X8]:![X9]:![X10]:(((X7=esk1_0|~(big_f(X7,X8)))&(X8=esk2_0|~(big_f(X7,X8))))&((~(X9=esk1_0)|~(X10=esk2_0))|big_f(X9,X10))),inference(distribute,[status(thm)],[7])).
cnf(9,derived,(big_f(X1,X2)|X2!=esk2_0|X1!=esk1_0),inference(split_conjunct,[status(thm)],[8])).
cnf(10,derived,(X2=esk2_0|~big_f(X1,X2)),inference(split_conjunct,[status(thm)],[8])).
cnf(11,derived,(X1=esk1_0|~big_f(X1,X2)),inference(split_conjunct,[status(thm)],[8])).
fof(12, negated_conjecture-derived,![X2]:?[X4]:((![X1]:?[X3]:((~(big_f(X3,X4))|~(X3=X1))&(big_f(X3,X4)|X3=X1))|~(X4=X2))&(?[X1]:![X3]:((big_f(X3,X4)&X3=X1)|(~(big_f(X3,X4))&~(X3=X1)))|X4=X2)),inference(fof_nnf,[status(thm)],[3])).
fof(13, negated_conjecture-derived,![X5]:?[X6]:((![X7]:?[X8]:((~(big_f(X8,X6))|~(X8=X7))&(big_f(X8,X6)|X8=X7))|~(X6=X5))&(?[X9]:![X10]:((big_f(X10,X6)&X10=X9)|(~(big_f(X10,X6))&~(X10=X9)))|X6=X5)),inference(variable_rename,[status(thm)],[12])).
fof(14, negated_conjecture-derived,![X5]:((![X7]:((~(big_f(esk4_2(X5,X7),esk3_1(X5)))|~(esk4_2(X5,X7)=X7))&(big_f(esk4_2(X5,X7),esk3_1(X5))|esk4_2(X5,X7)=X7))|~(esk3_1(X5)=X5))&(![X10]:((big_f(X10,esk3_1(X5))&X10=esk5_1(X5))|(~(big_f(X10,esk3_1(X5)))&~(X10=esk5_1(X5))))|esk3_1(X5)=X5)),inference(skolemize,[status(sab)],[13])).
fof(15, negated_conjecture-derived,![X5]:![X7]:![X10]:((((~(big_f(esk4_2(X5,X7),esk3_1(X5)))|~(esk4_2(X5,X7)=X7))|~(esk3_1(X5)=X5))&((big_f(esk4_2(X5,X7),esk3_1(X5))|esk4_2(X5,X7)=X7)|~(esk3_1(X5)=X5)))&((((~(big_f(X10,esk3_1(X5)))|big_f(X10,esk3_1(X5)))|esk3_1(X5)=X5)&((~(X10=esk5_1(X5))|big_f(X10,esk3_1(X5)))|esk3_1(X5)=X5))&(((~(big_f(X10,esk3_1(X5)))|X10=esk5_1(X5))|esk3_1(X5)=X5)&((~(X10=esk5_1(X5))|X10=esk5_1(X5))|esk3_1(X5)=X5)))),inference(distribute,[status(thm)],[14])).
cnf(18,negated_conjecture-derived,(esk3_1(X1)=X1|big_f(X2,esk3_1(X1))|X2!=esk5_1(X1)),inference(split_conjunct,[status(thm)],[15])).
cnf(20,negated_conjecture-derived,(esk4_2(X1,X2)=X2|big_f(esk4_2(X1,X2),esk3_1(X1))|esk3_1(X1)!=X1),inference(split_conjunct,[status(thm)],[15])).
cnf(21,negated_conjecture-derived,(esk3_1(X1)!=X1|esk4_2(X1,X2)!=X2|~big_f(esk4_2(X1,X2),esk3_1(X1))),inference(split_conjunct,[status(thm)],[15])).
cnf(24,negated_conjecture-derived,(esk3_1(X1)=X1|big_f(esk5_1(X1),esk3_1(X1))),inference(er,[status(thm)],[18,theory(equality)])).
cnf(26,negated_conjecture-derived,(esk1_0=esk4_2(X1,X2)|esk4_2(X1,X2)=X2|esk3_1(X1)!=X1),inference(spm,[status(thm)],[11,20,theory(equality)])).
cnf(27,negated_conjecture-derived,(esk2_0=esk3_1(X1)|esk4_2(X1,X2)=X2|esk3_1(X1)!=X1),inference(spm,[status(thm)],[10,20,theory(equality)])).
cnf(29,negated_conjecture-derived,(esk4_2(X1,X2)!=X2|esk3_1(X1)!=X1|esk1_0!=esk4_2(X1,X2)|esk2_0!=esk3_1(X1)),inference(spm,[status(thm)],[21,9,theory(equality)])).
cnf(31,negated_conjecture-derived,(esk1_0=esk5_1(X1)|esk3_1(X1)=X1),inference(spm,[status(thm)],[11,24,theory(equality)])).
cnf(32,negated_conjecture-derived,(esk2_0=esk3_1(X1)|esk3_1(X1)=X1),inference(spm,[status(thm)],[10,24,theory(equality)])).
cnf(35,negated_conjecture-derived,(esk3_1(X1)=X1|big_f(esk1_0,esk3_1(X1))),inference(spm,[status(thm)],[24,31,theory(equality)])).
cnf(36,negated_conjecture-derived,(esk3_1(X2)=X2|esk2_0!=X2),inference(ef,[status(thm)],[32,theory(equality)])).
cnf(46,negated_conjecture-derived,(esk4_2(X1,X2)!=X2|~big_f(esk4_2(X1,X2),X1)|esk2_0!=X1),inference(spm,[status(thm)],[21,36,theory(equality)])).
cnf(54,negated_conjecture-derived,(esk2_0=X1|big_f(esk1_0,esk2_0)|esk3_1(X1)=X1),inference(spm,[status(thm)],[35,32,theory(equality)])).
cnf(60,negated_conjecture-derived,(esk4_2(X1,X2)!=X2|~big_f(esk4_2(X1,X2),X1)),inference(csr,[status(thm)],[46,10])).
cnf(71,negated_conjecture-derived,(esk3_1(X1)=X1|big_f(esk1_0,esk2_0)),inference(csr,[status(thm)],[54,36])).
cnf(76,negated_conjecture-derived,(esk3_1(X1)=esk2_0|esk4_2(X1,X2)=X2),inference(csr,[status(thm)],[27,32])).
cnf(79,negated_conjecture-derived,(esk3_1(X1)=esk2_0|~big_f(X2,X1)),inference(spm,[status(thm)],[60,76,theory(equality)])).
cnf(87,negated_conjecture-derived,(esk3_1(esk2_0)=esk2_0|esk3_1(X1)=X1),inference(spm,[status(thm)],[79,71,theory(equality)])).
cnf(101,negated_conjecture-derived,(esk3_1(esk2_0)=esk2_0),inference(ef,[status(thm)],[87,theory(equality)])).
cnf(113,negated_conjecture-derived,(esk4_2(esk2_0,X1)=esk1_0|esk4_2(esk2_0,X1)=X1),inference(spm,[status(thm)],[26,101,theory(equality)])).
cnf(114,negated_conjecture-derived,(esk4_2(esk2_0,X2)=X2|esk1_0!=X2),inference(ef,[status(thm)],[113,theory(equality)])).
cnf(143,negated_conjecture-derived,(X1!=esk1_0|esk3_1(esk2_0)!=esk2_0),inference(spm,[status(thm)],[29,114,theory(equality)])).
cnf(150,negated_conjecture-derived,(X1!=esk1_0|$false),inference(rw,[status(thm)],[143,101,theory(equality)])).
cnf(151,negated_conjecture-derived,(X1!=esk1_0),inference(cn,[status(thm)],[150,theory(equality)])).
cnf(152,negated_conjecture-derived,($false),inference(er,[status(thm)],[151,theory(equality)])).
cnf(155,negated_conjecture-derived,($false),152,['proof']).
# Proof object ends here.

Sample CNF proof for `SYN075-1`

# Problem is unsatisfiable (or provable), constructing proof object
# TSTP exit status: Unsatisfiable
# Proof object starts here.
cnf(1,axiom,(X1=a|~big_f(X1,X2)),file('/Users/schulz/EPROVER/TPTP_3.0.1_FLAT/SYN075-1.p', clause_1)).
cnf(3,axiom,(big_f(X1,X2)|X1!=a|X2!=b),file('/Users/schulz/EPROVER/TPTP_3.0.1_FLAT/SYN075-1.p', clause_3)).
cnf(4,negated_conjecture,(f(X2)=X2|~big_f(X1,f(X2))|X1!=g(X2)),file('/Users/schulz/EPROVER/TPTP_3.0.1_FLAT/SYN075-1.p', clause_4)).
cnf(6,negated_conjecture,(big_f(X1,f(X2))|f(X2)=X2|X1!=g(X2)),file('/Users/schulz/EPROVER/TPTP_3.0.1_FLAT/SYN075-1.p', clause_6)).
cnf(9,negated_conjecture,(big_f(h(X1,X2),f(X1))|h(X1,X2)=X2|f(X1)!=X1),file('/Users/schulz/EPROVER/TPTP_3.0.1_FLAT/SYN075-1.p', clause_9)).
cnf(10,negated_conjecture,(f(X1)!=X1|h(X1,X2)!=X2|~big_f(h(X1,X2),f(X1))),file('/Users/schulz/EPROVER/TPTP_3.0.1_FLAT/SYN075-1.p', clause_10)).
cnf(14,negated_conjecture-derived,(f(X2)=X2|g(X2)!=X1),inference(csr,[status(thm)],[4,6])).
cnf(15,negated_conjecture-derived,(f(X1)=X1),inference(er,[status(thm)],[14,theory(equality)])).
cnf(19,negated_conjecture-derived,(h(X1,X2)!=X2|f(X1)!=X1|a!=h(X1,X2)|b!=f(X1)),inference(spm,[status(thm)],[10,3,theory(equality)])).
cnf(23,negated_conjecture-derived,(h(X1,X2)!=a|h(X1,X2)!=X2|X1!=b|f(X1)!=X1),inference(rw,[status(thm)],[19,15,theory(equality)])).
cnf(24,negated_conjecture-derived,(h(X1,X2)!=a|h(X1,X2)!=X2|X1!=b|$false),inference(rw,[status(thm)],[23,15,theory(equality)])).
cnf(25,negated_conjecture-derived,(h(X1,X2)!=a|h(X1,X2)!=X2|X1!=b),inference(cn,[status(thm)],[24,theory(equality)])).
cnf(28,negated_conjecture-derived,(h(X1,X2)!=X2|$false|~big_f(h(X1,X2),f(X1))),inference(rw,[status(thm)],[10,15,theory(equality)])).
cnf(29,negated_conjecture-derived,(h(X1,X2)!=X2|$false|~big_f(h(X1,X2),X1)),inference(rw,[status(thm)],[28,15,theory(equality)])).
cnf(30,negated_conjecture-derived,(h(X1,X2)!=X2|~big_f(h(X1,X2),X1)),inference(cn,[status(thm)],[29,theory(equality)])).
cnf(33,negated_conjecture-derived,(h(X1,X2)=X2|big_f(h(X1,X2),X1)|f(X1)!=X1),inference(rw,[status(thm)],[9,15,theory(equality)])).
cnf(34,negated_conjecture-derived,(h(X1,X2)=X2|big_f(h(X1,X2),X1)|$false),inference(rw,[status(thm)],[33,15,theory(equality)])).
cnf(35,negated_conjecture-derived,(h(X1,X2)=X2|big_f(h(X1,X2),X1)),inference(cn,[status(thm)],[34,theory(equality)])).
cnf(38,negated_conjecture-derived,(a=h(X1,X2)|h(X1,X2)=X2),inference(spm,[status(thm)],[1,35,theory(equality)])).
cnf(50,negated_conjecture-derived,(h(X1,X2)=a|~big_f(X2,X1)),inference(spm,[status(thm)],[30,38,theory(equality)])).
cnf(56,negated_conjecture-derived,(a!=X2|X1!=b|~big_f(X2,X1)),inference(spm,[status(thm)],[25,50,theory(equality)])).
cnf(59,negated_conjecture-derived,(a!=X2|X1!=b),inference(csr,[status(thm)],[56,3])).
cnf(60,negated_conjecture-derived,(epred1_0|a!=X2),inference(split,[split(esplit,[])],[59])).
cnf(61,negated_conjecture-derived,(epred2_0|X1!=b),inference(split,[split(esplit,[])],[59])).
cnf(62,negated_conjecture-derived,(~epred2_0|~epred1_0),inference(split,[split(esplit,[])],[59])).
cnf(63,negated_conjecture-derived,(epred1_0),inference(er,[status(thm)],[60,theory(equality)])).
cnf(65,negated_conjecture-derived,(epred2_0),inference(er,[status(thm)],[61,theory(equality)])).
cnf(73,negated_conjecture-derived,($false|~epred1_0),inference(rw,[status(thm)],[62,65,theory(equality)])).
cnf(74,negated_conjecture-derived,($false|$false),inference(rw,[status(thm)],[73,63,theory(equality)])).
cnf(75,negated_conjecture-derived,($false),inference(cn,[status(thm)],[74,theory(equality)])).
cnf(76,negated_conjecture-derived,($false),75,['proof']).
# Proof object ends here.

E-KRHyper 1.0

Björn Pelzer, Christoph Wernhard
Universität Koblenz-Landau, Germany

E-KRHyper accepts input in the TPTP-supported Protein-format (*.tme), and therefore clauses are written in the Prolog-like manner of that format.

Normally the proof output of E-KRHyper is in the form of a large and somewhat illegible Prolog-term representing a tree structure, which in turn represents the relevant tableau derivation steps for the closing of each branch, with cross references where subtrees are shared between subderivations. However, for CASC we use a postprocessor script to translate this tree-term into proof steps more in line with the output of the other provers. The sample files are the result of such translations. If you have any specific preferences regarding the output formatting, it should be simple (to a degree) for us to incorporate them by adjusting the postprocessor.

Here is a brief rundown of the current proof output. The examples are taken from the proof for SYN075-1. Each line represents an inference step. General schema of a line:

    nodeID>: () <- ([inferenceInputList])

Each line starts with a tableau node-identifier and the clause C labeling the node, followed by '<-' and the inference yielding C, with a list of the clauses used as inference input. Node identifiers are unique within a tableau, and once derived a clause will be referred to by its node identifier for brevity.

Example:

    node13: (big_f(A, f(B)); f(B)=B :- g(B)=A)  <- input([])

In the example we have the node 'node13' with the clause '(big_f(A, f(B)); f(B)=B :- g(B)=A)'. As it is taken directly from the problem, the inference type is stated as 'input' and the list of inference input clauses is empty.

Next example:

    node12: (big_f(g(A), f(A)); f(A)=A) <- reflexivity([node13])

The clause labeling node13 from the first example has been used as input for the 'reflexivity' inference rule, yielding the new node 'node12' with its clause.

The following inference types exist:

input: clauses taken from the problem.
reflexivity: has one input clause, and this clause must have a negative equation where both sides are unifiable. The inferred clause lacks this literal and has the unifier applied. Example: (same as above)
```
    node13: (big_f(A, f(B)); f(B)=B :- g(B)=A)  <- input([])
    node12: (big_f(g(A), f(A)); f(A)=A) <- reflexivity([node13])
```

superpositior-left: has two input clauses - a positive unit equation D and a clause C with negative literals. The inferred clause is a copy of C, with a negative literal rewritten by D and a unifier applied. Example:

    node8: (false :- big_f(h(A, B), f(A)), f(A)=A, h(A, B)=B)   <- input([])
    node9: (f(b)=b) <- hyperresolution/split([node10, node11])
    node7: (false :- f(b)=b, big_f(h(b, A), b), h(b, A)=A)  <- superposition-left([node8, node9])

unit-superposition-right: has two input clauses - a positive unit equation D and a positive unit C. The inferred clause is a copy of C, with its single literal rewritten by D and a unifier applied. Example:
```
    node36: (f(b)=b)    <- branch([disj3])
    node39: (big_f(h(b, a), f(b)))  <- branch([disj53])
    node38: (big_f(h(b, a), b)) <- unit-superposition-right([node39, node36])
```
hyperresolution/split: has at least one input clause C. If C has negative literals, then for each such literal the inference input list also contains one positive unit resolving away the literal. If C has positive literals, then negative units may be used to resolve these away as well.
If C is a Horn clause, then the inferred clause is a positive unit consisting of the positive literal of C, with the hyperresolution-unifier applied. Example:
```
    node10: (b=A :- big_f(B, A))    <- input([])
    node11: (big_f(g(b), f(b))) <- branch([disj3])
    node9: (f(b)=b) <- hyperresolution/split([node10, node11])
```
If C is not a Horn clause, then it gets a bit tricky, as a case split occurs. No clause is inferred immediately, rather a special disjunction node (with no clause label) is created. Such nodes have identifiers 'disj1', 'disj2', etc., instead of 'node1', 'node2'. In subsequent inference steps the disjunct unit clauses are derived, using the 'branch' inference with the disjunction node as input. The hyperresolution-unifier is applied to each disjunct. In addition a ground substitution is applied to any variables shared between disjuncts, as per the (E-)hyper tableau calculus. Example:
```
    node12: (big_f(g(A), f(A)); f(A)=A) <- reflexivity([node13])
    disj3: (---)    <- hyperresolution/split([node12])
    node11: (big_f(g(b), f(b))) <- branch([disj3])
    node36: (f(b)=b)    <- branch([disj3])
```
The clause from node12 above has no negative literals, so the input for the hyperresolution/split-inference contains only node12, and the inference creates the disjunction node disj3. From this the tableau branches out with the two disjuncts (node11 and node36), eliminating their shared variable 'A' by substituting 'b'.
The proof for GEO069-3 demonstrates the aforementioned use of negative units for the resolution of positive literals. The negative unit of node12 resolves away one of the positive literals of the clause of node6, so the final splitting actually results in only one branch, with no real split:
```
node6: (p11(A, B, C); A=D :- p11(D, A, B), p11(D, A, C))    <- input([])
    node7: (p11(c14, c15, c16)) <- hyperresolution/split([node8, node9])
    node10: (p11(c14, c15, c17))    <- hyperresolution/split([node8, node11])
    node12: (~(c15=c14))    <- input([])
    disj70: (---)   <- hyperresolution/split([node6, node7, node10, node12])
    node5: (p11(c15, c17, c16)) <- branch([disj70])
```
branch: has one disjunction node as input. Intermediate pseudo-inference used while splitting, see above.
Once the empty clause 'false' has been inferred, that particular tableau branch is closed. All branches have to be closed for a refutation. Example:
```
    node21: (big_f(a, b))   <- reflexivity([node22])
    node43: (false :- big_f(a, b))  <- reflexivity([node44])
    node42: (false) <- hyperresolution/split([node43, node21])
```

Sample solution for `SYN075-1`

node8: (false :- big_f(h(A, B), f(A)), f(A)=A, h(A, B)=B)   <- input([])
node10: (b=A :- big_f(B, A))    <- input([])
node13: (big_f(A, f(B)); f(B)=B :- g(B)=A)  <- input([])
node12: (big_f(g(A), f(A)); f(A)=A) <- reflexivity([node13])
disj3: (---)    <- hyperresolution/split([node12])
node11: (big_f(g(b), f(b))) <- branch([disj3])
node9: (f(b)=b) <- hyperresolution/split([node10, node11])
node7: (false :- f(b)=b, big_f(h(b, A), b), h(b, A)=A)  <- superposition-left([node8, node9])
node6: (false :- b=b, big_f(h(b, A), b), h(b, A)=A) <- superposition-left([node7, node9])
node5: (false :- big_f(h(b, A), b), h(b, A)=A)  <- reflexivity([node6])
node15: (a=A :- big_f(A, B))    <- input([])
node20: (big_f(h(A, B), f(A)); h(A, B)=B :- f(A)=A) <- input([])
node19: (big_f(h(b, A), f(b)); h(b, A)=A :- b=b)    <- superposition-left([node20, node9])
node18: (big_f(h(b, A), f(b)); h(b, A)=A)   <- reflexivity([node19])
disj62: (---)   <- hyperresolution/split([node18])
node17: (big_f(h(b, a), f(b)))  <- branch([disj62])
node16: (big_f(h(b, a), b)) <- unit-superposition-right([node17, node9])
node14: (h(b, a)=a) <- hyperresolution/split([node15, node16])
node4: (false :- big_f(a, b), h(b, a)=a)    <- superposition-left([node5, node14])
node3: (false :- big_f(a, b), a=a)  <- superposition-left([node4, node14])
node2: (false :- big_f(a, b))   <- reflexivity([node3])
node23: (big_f(A, B) :- a=A, b=B)   <- input([])
node22: (big_f(A, b) :- a=A)    <- reflexivity([node23])
node21: (big_f(a, b))   <- reflexivity([node22])
node1: (false)  <- hyperresolution/split([node2, node21])
node28: (h(b, a)=a) <- branch([disj62])
node27: (false :- big_f(a, b), h(b, a)=a)   <- superposition-left([node5, node28])
node26: (false :- big_f(a, b), a=a) <- superposition-left([node27, node28])
node25: (false :- big_f(a, b))  <- reflexivity([node26])
node24: (false) <- hyperresolution/split([node25, node21])
node36: (f(b)=b)    <- branch([disj3])
node35: (false :- f(b)=b, big_f(h(b, A), b), h(b, A)=A) <- superposition-left([node8, node36])
node34: (false :- b=b, big_f(h(b, A), b), h(b, A)=A)    <- superposition-left([node35, node36])
node33: (false :- big_f(h(b, A), b), h(b, A)=A) <- reflexivity([node34])
node41: (big_f(h(b, A), f(b)); h(b, A)=A :- b=b)    <- superposition-left([node20, node36])
node40: (big_f(h(b, A), f(b)); h(b, A)=A)   <- reflexivity([node41])
disj53: (---)   <- hyperresolution/split([node40])
node39: (big_f(h(b, a), f(b)))  <- branch([disj53])
node38: (big_f(h(b, a), b)) <- unit-superposition-right([node39, node36])
node37: (h(b, a)=a) <- hyperresolution/split([node15, node38])
node32: (false :- big_f(a, b), h(b, a)=a)   <- superposition-left([node33, node37])
node31: (false :- big_f(a, b), a=a) <- superposition-left([node32, node37])
node30: (false :- big_f(a, b))  <- reflexivity([node31])
node29: (false) <- hyperresolution/split([node30, node21])
node46: (h(b, a)=a) <- branch([disj53])
node45: (false :- big_f(a, b), h(b, a)=a)   <- superposition-left([node33, node46])
node44: (false :- big_f(a, b), a=a) <- superposition-left([node45, node46])
node43: (false :- big_f(a, b))  <- reflexivity([node44])

Geo 2007f

Hans de Nivelle
University of Wroclaw, Poland

Transformation
Geo always starts with a transformation to geometric formulas. (GNF-transformation) The intermediate results are shown, but it is not really documented which steps were made in the transformation.

Proofs
Proofs contain the following rules:

Pick(X) : Make X the selected formula.
Disj(X) : Standard binary resolution between the selected formula and X.
Exist(X) : Existential resolution between the selected formula and X.
eq(X) : Equality simplification of the selected formula by X. This effectively means that the formula is instantiated by merging two variables.

Rules are either deleted or active. Deleted means that they are either subsumed or simplified away. Rules are either sound or unsound. Unsound rules are inductive consequences of the initial formulas. They can be used only in simplifications. (I will probably rename this into 'inductive' before CASC)

Models
Models are represented by listing the atoms that are true in them. The elements in the model have form E0, E1, E2, E3, E4, etc.

There are the following types of atoms in models:

Atoms originating from the input problem.
Atoms orginating from anti-Skolemization of functions symbols in the input problem. Such atoms normally have form P_f, where f was the function symbol, unless this name was occupied. Then it will be P_f_n, where n is the first integer for which the name P_f_n was not occupied. An n-ary function is represented by an (n+1)-ary predicate.
Atoms resulting from subformula replacement. These have form ppppI where I is an integer. Which subformula they represent has to be read of from the GNF-transformation, the step called CUDEN.
Atoms of form # Ei. Their only purpose is to introduce a new domain element Ei.

Sample solution for `SYN075+1`

--------------------------------------
0: 
   (nrappl = 1/0, lastappl = 7/0)    (deleted,sound) 
       -> # V0 /\ pppp3(V0)
--------------------------------------
1: 
   (nrappl = 1/0, lastappl = 7/0)    (deleted,sound) 
      pppp3(V0) -> # V1 /\ pppp2(V0,V1)
--------------------------------------
2: 
   (nrappl = 1/0, lastappl = 6/0)    (deleted,sound) 
      pppp2(V0,V1) /\ pppp0(V2,V3,V0,V1) -> big_f(V2,V3)
--------------------------------------
3: 
   (nrappl = 2/0, lastappl = 4/0)    (deleted,sound) 
      pppp2(V0,V1) /\ big_f(V2,V3) -> pppp0(V2,V3,V0,V1)
--------------------------------------
4: 
   (nrappl = 1/1, lastappl = 2/6)    (deleted,sound) 
      pppp0(V0,V1,V2,V3) /\ V0 != V2 -> FALSE
--------------------------------------
5: 
   (nrappl = 1/1, lastappl = 4/6)    (deleted,sound) 
      pppp0(V0,V1,V2,V3) /\ V1 != V3 -> FALSE
--------------------------------------
6: 
   (nrappl = 1/0, lastappl = 7/0)    (deleted,sound) 
      # V2 /\ # V3 -> pppp0(V2,V3,V2,V3)
--------------------------------------
7: 
   (nrappl = 1/0, lastappl = 6/0)    (deleted,sound) 
      # V0 -> # V1 /\ pppp4(V1,V0)
--------------------------------------
8: 
   (nrappl = 1/0, lastappl = 3/0)    (deleted,sound) 
      pppp4(V1,V1) /\ pppp1(V1) -> FALSE
--------------------------------------
9: 
   (nrappl = 1/0, lastappl = 6/0)    (deleted,sound) 
      pppp4(V0,V1) /\ V0 != V1 -> pppp1(V0)
--------------------------------------
10: 
   (nrappl = 1/0, lastappl = 6/0)    (deleted,sound) 
      pppp1(V0) -> # V1 /\ pppp5(V0,V1)
--------------------------------------
11: 
   (nrappl = 1/0, lastappl = 3/0)    (deleted,sound) 
      # V0 /\ # V1 -> pppp1(V0) \/ pppp7(V0,V1)
--------------------------------------
12: 
   (nrappl = 1/0, lastappl = 2/0)    (deleted,sound) 
      pppp7(V0,V1) -> # V2 /\ pppp6(V2,V0,V1)
--------------------------------------
13: 
   (nrappl = 2/0, lastappl = 2/0)    (deleted,sound) 
      pppp6(V2,V1,V2) /\ big_f(V2,V1) -> FALSE
--------------------------------------
14: 
   (nrappl = 1/0, lastappl = 2/0)    (deleted,sound) 
      pppp6(V0,V1,V2) /\ V0 != V2 -> big_f(V0,V1)
--------------------------------------
15: 
   (nrappl = 2/0, lastappl = 5/0)    (deleted,sound) 
      pppp5(V0,V1) -> big_f(V1,V0)
--------------------------------------
17: Pick(3),Disj(4)
   (nrappl = 2/3, lastappl = 5/6)    (deleted,sound) 
      pppp2(V0,V1) /\ big_f(V2,V3) /\ V2 != V0 -> FALSE
--------------------------------------
18: Pick(14),Disj(17)
   (nrappl = 1/0, lastappl = 2/0)    (deleted,sound) 
      pppp2(V3,V4) /\ pppp6(V0,V1,V2) /\ V0 != V2 /\ V0 != V3 -> FALSE
--------------------------------------
19: Pick(12),Exist(18),Disj(13),Disj(13)
   (nrappl = 2/0, lastappl = 4/0)    (deleted,sound) 
      pppp2(V1,V2) /\ pppp7(V0,V1) /\ big_f(V1,V0) -> FALSE
--------------------------------------
20: Pick(11),Disj(8),Disj(19)
   (nrappl = 1/0, lastappl = 4/0)    (deleted,sound) 
      pppp4(V0,V0) /\ big_f(V1,V0) /\ pppp2(V1,V2) -> FALSE
--------------------------------------
21: Pick(3),Disj(5),eq(17)
   (nrappl = 1/2, lastappl = 4/4)    (deleted,sound) 
      pppp2(V0,V1) /\ big_f(V0,V3) /\ V3 != V1 -> FALSE
--------------------------------------
23: Pick(20),eq(21)
   (nrappl = 2/0, lastappl = 6/0)    (deleted,sound) 
      pppp4(V2,V2) /\ big_f(V1,V2) /\ pppp2(V1,V2) -> FALSE
--------------------------------------
24: Pick(15),Disj(21)
   (nrappl = 1/0, lastappl = 6/0)    (deleted,sound) 
      pppp5(V0,V1) /\ pppp2(V1,V2) /\ V0 != V2 -> FALSE
--------------------------------------
25: Pick(15),Disj(17)
   (nrappl = 1/0, lastappl = 6/0)    (deleted,sound) 
      pppp5(V0,V1) /\ pppp2(V2,V3) /\ V1 != V2 -> FALSE
--------------------------------------
26: Pick(10),Exist(25),Disj(24)
   (nrappl = 1/0, lastappl = 6/0)    (deleted,sound) 
      pppp1(V0) /\ pppp2(V1,V3) /\ V0 != V3 -> FALSE
--------------------------------------
27: Pick(9),Disj(26)
   (nrappl = 1/0, lastappl = 6/0)    (deleted,sound) 
      pppp2(V2,V3) /\ pppp4(V0,V1) /\ V0 != V1 /\ V0 != V3 -> FALSE
--------------------------------------
28: Pick(7),Exist(27),Disj(23),Disj(23),eq(17),eq(17)
   (nrappl = 1/0, lastappl = 6/0)    (deleted,sound) 
      pppp2(V1,V0) /\ big_f(V1,V0) -> FALSE
--------------------------------------
29: Pick(2),Disj(28),eq(4),eq(5)
   (nrappl = 1/0, lastappl = 7/0)    (deleted,sound) 
      pppp2(V0,V1) /\ pppp0(V0,V1,V0,V1) -> FALSE
--------------------------------------
30: Pick(6),Disj(29)
   (nrappl = 1/0, lastappl = 7/0)    (deleted,sound) 
      pppp2(V0,V1) -> FALSE
--------------------------------------
31: Pick(1),Exist(30)
   (nrappl = 1/0, lastappl = 7/0)    (deleted,sound) 
      pppp3(V0) -> FALSE
--------------------------------------
32: Pick(0),Exist(31)
   (nrappl = 0/0, lastappl = 0/0)    (active,sound) 
       -> FALSE

Sample solution for `SYN075-1`

--------------------------------------
0: 
   (nrappl = 1/5, lastappl = 2/5)    (deleted,sound) 
      P_a(V0) /\ big_f(V1,V2) /\ V1 != V0 -> FALSE
--------------------------------------
1: 
   (nrappl = 1/4, lastappl = 3/3)    (deleted,sound) 
      P_a(V0) /\ P_b(V1) /\ big_f(V3,V2) /\ V2 != V1 -> FALSE
--------------------------------------
2: 
   (nrappl = 1/0, lastappl = 5/0)    (deleted,sound) 
      P_a(V0) /\ P_b(V1) -> big_f(V0,V1)
--------------------------------------
4: 
   (nrappl = 1/0, lastappl = 3/0)    (deleted,sound) 
      P_a(V0) /\ P_b(V1) /\ P_f(V2,V3) /\ P_g(V2,V4) /\ V3 != V2 -> big_f(V4,V3)
--------------------------------------
7: 
   (nrappl = 1/0, lastappl = 2/0)    (deleted,sound) 
      P_a(V0) /\ P_b(V1) /\ P_f(V2,V2) /\ P_h(V2,V4,V5) /\ V5 != V4 -> big_f(V5,V2)
--------------------------------------
8: 
   (nrappl = 2/0, lastappl = 2/0)    (deleted,sound) 
      P_a(V0) /\ P_b(V1) /\ P_f(V2,V2) /\ P_h(V2,V4,V4) /\ big_f(V4,V2) -> FALSE
--------------------------------------
9: 
   (nrappl = 1/0, lastappl = 6/0)    (deleted,sound) 
       -> # V0 /\ P_a(V0)
--------------------------------------
10: 
   (nrappl = 1/0, lastappl = 6/0)    (deleted,sound) 
       -> # V0 /\ P_b(V0)
--------------------------------------
11: 
   (nrappl = 1/0, lastappl = 5/0)    (deleted,sound) 
      # V0 -> # V1 /\ P_f(V0,V1)
--------------------------------------
12: 
   (nrappl = 1/0, lastappl = 5/0)    (deleted,sound) 
      # V0 -> # V1 /\ P_g(V0,V1)
--------------------------------------
13: 
   (nrappl = 1/0, lastappl = 2/0)    (deleted,sound) 
      # V0 /\ # V1 -> # V2 /\ P_h(V0,V1,V2)
--------------------------------------
14: Pick(7),Disj(0)
   (nrappl = 1/0, lastappl = 2/0)    (deleted,sound) 
      P_a(V5) /\ P_b(V1) /\ P_f(V2,V2) /\ P_h(V2,V3,V4) /\ V4 != V3 /\ V4 != V5 -> FALSE
--------------------------------------
15: Pick(13),Exist(14),Disj(8),Disj(8),eq(0),eq(0),eq(1),eq(1),eq(1)
   (nrappl = 2/0, lastappl = 5/0)    (deleted,sound) 
      P_b(V6) /\ P_a(V5) /\ big_f(V5,V6) /\ P_f(V6,V6) -> FALSE
--------------------------------------
16: Pick(4),Disj(1)
   (nrappl = 1/0, lastappl = 5/0)    (deleted,sound) 
      P_a(V5) /\ P_b(V6) /\ P_g(V2,V4) /\ P_f(V2,V3) /\ V3 != V2 /\ V3 != V6 -> FALSE
--------------------------------------
18: Pick(12),Exist(16)
   (nrappl = 1/0, lastappl = 5/0)    (deleted,sound) 
      P_a(V1) /\ P_b(V2) /\ P_f(V0,V3) /\ V3 != V0 /\ V3 != V2 -> FALSE
--------------------------------------
19: Pick(11),Exist(18),Disj(15),Disj(15),eq(0),eq(0)
   (nrappl = 1/0, lastappl = 5/0)    (deleted,sound) 
      P_a(V1) /\ P_b(V0) /\ big_f(V1,V0) -> FALSE
--------------------------------------
20: Pick(2),Disj(19)
   (nrappl = 1/0, lastappl = 6/0)    (deleted,sound) 
      P_a(V0) /\ P_b(V1) -> FALSE
--------------------------------------
21: Pick(10),Exist(20)
   (nrappl = 1/0, lastappl = 6/0)    (deleted,sound) 
      P_a(V0) -> FALSE
--------------------------------------
22: Pick(9),Exist(21)
   (nrappl = 0/0, lastappl = 0/0)    (active,sound) 
       -> FALSE

Sample solution for `MGT019+2`

0 : 17() (0/1)    [ 0; L0, W1 ]      # E0
1 : 17() (0/1)    [ 0; L0, W1 ]      P_first_movers(E0)
2 : 18() (0/2)    [ 0; L0, W1 ]      P_efficient_producers(E0)
3 : 0(1,2) (0/2)    [ 0; L1, W3 ]      pppp1(E0,E0,E0)
4 : 10(1,2) (0/2)    [ 0; L1, W3 ]      pppp4(E0,E0,E0)
5 : 12(4) (0/1)    [ 0; L2, W4 ]      stable(E0)
6 : 13(4) (0/1)    [ 0; L2, W4 ]      environment(E0)
7 : 19(0,0) (0/2)    [ 0; L1, W3 ]      P_disbanding_rate(E0,E0,E0)
8 : 20(0,0) (0/2)    [ 0; L1, W3 ]      P_founding_rate(E0,E0,E0)
9 : 21(0,0) (0/2)    [ 0; L1, W3 ]      P_growth_rate(E0,E0,E0)
10 : 1(3,7,7) (0/2)    [ 0; L2, W10 ]      pppp0(E0,E0,E0,E0)
11 : 3(10) (0/1)    [ 0; L3, W11 ]      subpopulations(E0,E0,E0,E0)
12 : 7(1,2,6,5) (0/2)    [ 0; L3, W11 ]      pppp2(E0,E0,E0,E0)
13 : 9(12) (0/1)    [ 0; L4, W12 ]      in_environment(E0,E0)
14 : 11(4,13) (0/2)    [ 0; L5, W16 ]      pppp3(E0,E0,E0,E0,E0)
15 : 15(14,9,9) (0/1)    [ 0; L6, W23 ]      greater_or_equal(E0,E0)

Sample solution for `SWV010+1`

0 : 17() (0/1)    [ 0; L0, W1 ]      # E0
1 : 17() (0/1)    [ 0; L0, W1 ]      P_at(E0)
2 : 18() (0/2)    [ 0; L0, W1 ]      P_t(E0)
3 : 19() (0/2)    [ 0; L0, W1 ]      P_a(E0)
4 : 21() (0/2)    [ 0; L0, W1 ]      P_b(E0)
5 : 23() (0/2)    [ 0; L0, W1 ]      P_an_a_nonce(E0)
6 : 27() (0/2)    [ 0; L0, W1 ]      P_bt(E0)
7 : 28(0) (0/2)    [ 0; L1, W2 ]      P_generate_b_nonce(E0,E0)
8 : 29(0) (0/2)    [ 0; L1, W2 ]      P_generate_expiration_time(E0,E0)
9 : 30(0) (0/2)    [ 0; L1, W2 ]      P_generate_key(E0,E0)
10 : 16(0,0) (0/2)    [ 0; L1, W3 ]      P_key(E0,E0,E0)
11 : 0(1,2,10) (0/1)    [ 0; L2, W6 ]      a_holds(E0)
12 : 1(1,2,10,3) (0/1)    [ 0; L2, W7 ]      party_of_protocol(E0)
13 : 22(0,0) (0/2)    [ 0; L1, W3 ]      P_pair(E0,E0,E0)
14 : 25(0,0) (0/2)    [ 0; L1, W3 ]      P_encrypt(E0,E0,E0)
15 : 20(0,0,0) (0/2)    [ 0; L1, W4 ]      P_sent(E0,E0,E0,E0)
16 : 2(1,2,10,3,4,5,13,15) (0/1)    [ 0; L2, W16 ]      message(E0)
17 : 3(1,2,10,3,4,5,13,15,13) (0/1)    [ 0; L2, W19 ]      a_stored(E0)
18 : 6(1,2,10,3,4,5,13,15,13,6,10) (0/1)    [ 0; L2, W23 ]      b_holds(E0)
19 : 8(1,2,10,3,4,5,13,15,13,6,10) (0/1)    [ 0; L2, W23 ]      fresh_to_b(E0)
20 : 12(1,2,10,3,4,5,13,15,13,6,10,10) (0/1)    [ 0; L2, W26 ]      t_holds(E0)
21 : 24(0,0,0) (0/2)    [ 0; L1, W4 ]      P_triple(E0,E0,E0,E0)
22 : 10(1,2,10,3,4,5,13,15,13,6,10,7,8,19,13,15,21,14,21,15,16) (0/1)    [ 0; L3, W88 ]      b_stored(E0)
23 : 26(0,0,0,0) (0/2)    [ 0; L1, W5 ]      P_quadruple(E0,E0,E0,E0,E0)

Sample solution for `MGT031-1`

0 : 16() (0/1)    [ 0; L0, W1 ]      # E0
1 : 16() (0/1)    [ 0; L0, W1 ]      P_e(E0)
2 : 18() (0/2)    [ 0; L0, W1 ]      P_an_organisation(E0)
3 : 19() (0/2)    [ 0; L0, W1 ]      P_zero(E0)
4 : 22() (0/2)    [ 0; L0, W1 ]      P_efficient_producers(E0)
5 : 23() (1/2)    [ 7; L0, W1 ]      # E1
6 : 23() (1/2)    [ 7; L0, W1 ]      P_first_movers(E1)
7 : 9(1,2,3,4,6,0) (0/1)    [ 7; L1, W7 ]      greater_or_equal(E0,E0)
8 : 9(1,2,3,4,6,5) (0/1)    [ 7; L1, W7 ]      greater_or_equal(E1,E1)
9 : 24() (1/3)    [ 33; L0, W1 ]      P_sk2(E1)
10 : 15(0,0) (0/3)    [ 33; L1, W3 ]      P_number_of_organizations(E0,E0,E0)
11 : 15(0,5) (0/3)    [ 33; L1, W3 ]      P_number_of_organizations(E0,E1,E0)
12 : 15(5,0) (0/3)    [ 33; L1, W3 ]      P_number_of_organizations(E1,E0,E0)
13 : 15(5,5) (0/3)    [ 33; L1, W3 ]      P_number_of_organizations(E1,E1,E0)
14 : 17(0,0) (0/3)    [ 33; L1, W3 ]      P_appear(E0,E0,E0)
15 : 12(1,2,3,4,6,14,9) (0/1)    [ 33; L2, W10 ]      environment(E1)
16 : 17(0,5) (1/3)    [ 34; L1, W3 ]      P_appear(E0,E1,E1)
17 : 13(1,2,3,4,6,14,9,16) (0/1)    [ 34; L2, W13 ]      in_environment(E1,E1)
18 : 0(1,2,3,16,11,15) (0/1)    [ 34; L3, W20 ]      greater(E0,E0)
19 : 17(5,0) (0/3)    [ 34; L1, W3 ]      P_appear(E1,E0,E0)
20 : 17(5,5) (0/3)    [ 34; L1, W3 ]      P_appear(E1,E1,E0)
21 : 5(1,2,3,4,6,20,16,15) (0/1)    [ 34; L3, W22 ]      greater_or_equal(E0,E1)
22 : 7(1,2,3,4,6,21,5) (0/1)    [ 34; L4, W29 ]      greater(E0,E1)
23 : 20(0,0) (0/3)    [ 34; L1, W3 ]      P_sk1(E0,E0,E0)
24 : 20(0,5) (0/3)    [ 34; L1, W3 ]      P_sk1(E0,E1,E0)
25 : 1(1,2,3,15,12,24,18) (0/1)    [ 34; L4, W40 ]      subpopulation(E0,E1,E0)
26 : 20(5,0) (0/3)    [ 34; L1, W3 ]      P_sk1(E1,E0,E0)
27 : 20(5,5) (0/3)    [ 34; L1, W3 ]      P_sk1(E1,E1,E0)
28 : 1(1,2,3,15,13,27,18) (0/1)    [ 34; L4, W40 ]      subpopulation(E0,E1,E1)
29 : 21(0,0) (0/3)    [ 34; L1, W3 ]      P_cardinality_at_time(E0,E0,E0)
30 : 21(0,5) (0/3)    [ 34; L1, W3 ]      P_cardinality_at_time(E0,E1,E0)
31 : 21(5,0) (0/3)    [ 34; L1, W3 ]      P_cardinality_at_time(E1,E0,E0)
32 : 21(5,5) (1/3)    [ 35; L1, W3 ]      P_cardinality_at_time(E1,E1,E1)

Metis 2.0

Joe Hurd
Oxford University, United Kingdom

The inference rules of Metis are ...

(* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)
(*                                                                           *)
(* ----- axiom C                                                             *)
(*   C                                                                       *)
(* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)

(* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)
(*                                                                           *)
(* ----------- assume L                                                      *)
(*   L \/ ~L                                                                 *)
(* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)

(* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)
(*    C                                                                      *)
(* -------- subst s                                                          *)
(*   C[s]                                                                    *)
(* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)

(* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)
(*   L \/ C    ~L \/ D                                                       *)
(* --------------------- resolve L                                           *)
(*        C \/ D                                                             *)
(*                                                                           *)
(* The literal L must occur in the first theorem, and the literal ~L must    *)
(* occur in the second theorem.                                              *)
(* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)

(* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)
(*                                                                           *)
(* --------- refl t                                                          *)
(*   t = t                                                                   *)
(* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)

(* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)
(*                                                                           *)
(* ------------------------ equality L p t                                   *)
(*   ~(s = t) \/ ~L \/ L'                                                    *)
(*                                                                           *)
(* where s is the subterm of L at path p, and L' is L with the subterm at    *)
(* path p being replaced by t.                                               *)
(* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)

Sample solution for `SYN075-1`

(0) |- ~($X = a) \/ ~($Y = b) \/ big_f $X $Y  [Axiom]
(1) |- ~(a = a) \/ ~(b = b) \/ big_f a b
    [Subst {sub = <[X |-> a, Y |-> b]>, thm = (0)}]
(2) |- a = a  [Refl a]
(3) |- ~(b = b) \/ big_f a b  [Resolve {res = a = a, pos = (2), neg = (1)}]
(4) |- b = b  [Refl b]
(5) |- big_f a b  [Resolve {res = b = b, pos = (4), neg = (3)}]
(6) |- ~(f $X = $X) \/ ~(h $X $Z = $Z) \/ ~big_f (h $X $Z) (f $X)  [Axiom]
(7) |- ~(h $X $Z = $Z) \/ h $X $Z = $Z  [Assume h $X $Z = $Z]
(8) |- ~(h $X $Z = $Z) \/ ~big_f $Z (f $X) \/ big_f (h $X $Z) (f $X)
    [Equality {lit = ~big_f (h $X $Z) (f $X), path = [0], res = $Z}]
(9) |- ~(f $X = $X) \/ f $X = $X  [Assume f $X = $X]
(10) |- ~(f $X = $X) \/ ~big_f $Z $X \/ big_f $Z (f $X)
     [Equality {lit = ~big_f $Z (f $X), path = [1], res = $X}]
(11) |- ~(f $X = $X) \/ ~(h $X $Z = $Z) \/ ~big_f $Z $X \/
        big_f (h $X $Z) (f $X)
     [Resolve {res = big_f $Z (f $X), pos = (10), neg = (8)}]
(12) |- ~(f $X = $X) \/ ~(h $X $Z = $Z) \/ ~big_f $Z $X
     [Resolve {res = big_f (h $X $Z) (f $X), pos = (11), neg = (6)}]
(13) |- ~($Y = g $X) \/ ~big_f $Y (f $X) \/ f $X = $X  [Axiom]
(14) |- ~(g $X = g $X) \/ ~big_f (g $X) (f $X) \/ f $X = $X
     [Subst {sub = <[Y |-> g $X]>, thm = (13)}]
(15) |- g $X = g $X  [Refl g $X]
(16) |- ~big_f (g $X) (f $X) \/ f $X = $X
     [Resolve {res = g $X = g $X, pos = (15), neg = (14)}]
(17) |- ~big_f (g $_5) (f $_5) \/ f $_5 = $_5
     [Subst {sub = <[X |-> $_5]>, thm = (16)}]
(18) |- ~($Y = g $X) \/ f $X = $X \/ big_f $Y (f $X)  [Axiom]
(19) |- ~(g $X = g $X) \/ f $X = $X \/ big_f (g $X) (f $X)
     [Subst {sub = <[Y |-> g $X]>, thm = (18)}]
(20) |- f $X = $X \/ big_f (g $X) (f $X)
     [Resolve {res = g $X = g $X, pos = (15), neg = (19)}]
(21) |- f $_5 = $_5 \/ big_f (g $_5) (f $_5)
     [Subst {sub = <[X |-> $_5]>, thm = (20)}]
(22) |- f $_5 = $_5
     [Resolve {res = big_f (g $_5) (f $_5), pos = (21), neg = (17)}]
(23) |- f $X = $X  [Subst {sub = <[_5 |-> $X]>, thm = (22)}]
(24) |- ~($X = $X) \/ ~(f $X = $X) \/ f $X = $X
     [Equality {lit = f $X = $X, path = [0, 0], res = $X}]
(25) |- ~($X = $X) \/ f $X = $X
     [Resolve {res = f $X = $X, pos = (23), neg = (24)}]
(26) |- ~($X = $X) \/ ~(h $X $Z = $Z) \/ ~big_f $Z $X
     [Resolve {res = f $X = $X, pos = (25), neg = (12)}]
(27) |- $X = $X  [Refl $X]
(28) |- ~(h $X $Z = $Z) \/ ~big_f $Z $X
     [Resolve {res = $X = $X, pos = (27), neg = (26)}]
(29) |- ~(h $X a = a) \/ ~big_f a $X
     [Subst {sub = <[Z |-> a]>, thm = (28)}]
(30) |- ~big_f $X $Y \/ $X = a  [Axiom]
(31) |- ~big_f (h $_9 $_10) $_9 \/ h $_9 $_10 = a
     [Subst {sub = <[X |-> h $_9 $_10, Y |-> $_9]>, thm = (30)}]
(32) |- ~(f $X = $X) \/ h $X $Z = $Z \/ big_f (h $X $Z) (f $X)  [Axiom]
(33) |- ~(f $X = $X) \/ ~big_f (h $X $Z) (f $X) \/ big_f (h $X $Z) $X
     [Equality {lit = big_f (h $X $Z) (f $X), path = [1], res = $X}]
(34) |- ~(f $X = $X) \/ h $X $Z = $Z \/ big_f (h $X $Z) $X
     [Resolve {res = big_f (h $X $Z) (f $X), pos = (32), neg = (33)}]
(35) |- ~($X = $X) \/ h $X $Z = $Z \/ big_f (h $X $Z) $X
     [Resolve {res = f $X = $X, pos = (25), neg = (34)}]
(36) |- h $X $Z = $Z \/ big_f (h $X $Z) $X
     [Resolve {res = $X = $X, pos = (27), neg = (35)}]
(37) |- h $_9 $_10 = $_10 \/ big_f (h $_9 $_10) $_9
     [Subst {sub = <[X |-> $_9, Z |-> $_10]>, thm = (36)}]
(38) |- h $_9 $_10 = $_10 \/ h $_9 $_10 = a
     [Resolve {res = big_f (h $_9 $_10) $_9, pos = (37), neg = (31)}]
(39) |- h $X a = a  [Subst {sub = <[_10 |-> a, _9 |-> $X]>, thm = (38)}]
(40) |- ~(a = a) \/ ~(h $X a = a) \/ h $X a = a
     [Equality {lit = h $X a = a, path = [0, 1], res = a}]
(41) |- ~(a = a) \/ h $X a = a
     [Resolve {res = h $X a = a, pos = (39), neg = (40)}]
(42) |- ~(a = a) \/ ~big_f a $X
     [Resolve {res = h $X a = a, pos = (41), neg = (29)}]
(43) |- ~big_f a $X  [Resolve {res = a = a, pos = (2), neg = (42)}]
(44) |- ~big_f a b  [Subst {sub = <[X |-> b]>, thm = (43)}]
(45) |- F  [Resolve {res = big_f a b, pos = (5), neg = (44)}]

Sample solution for `MGT019+2`

|- ~greater (disbanding_rate first_movers skolem_T)
      (disbanding_rate efficient_producers skolem_T)
|- environment skolem_E
|- environment skolem_E_1
|- stable skolem_E
|- subpopulations first_movers efficient_producers skolem_E_1 skolem_T
|- ~greater (growth_rate efficient_producers (skolem_T_1 $To))
      (growth_rate first_movers (skolem_T_1 $To)) \/
   ~in_environment skolem_E $To
|- ~in_environment skolem_E $To \/ greater_or_equal (skolem_T_1 $To) $To
|- ~in_environment skolem_E $To \/
   subpopulations first_movers efficient_producers skolem_E
     (skolem_T_1 $To)
|- ~environment $E \/ ~stable $E \/ in_environment $E (skolem_To $E)
|- ~greater (disbanding_rate first_movers $T)
      (disbanding_rate efficient_producers $T) \/
   ~greater_or_equal (founding_rate efficient_producers $T)
      (founding_rate first_movers $T) \/
   greater (growth_rate efficient_producers $T)
     (growth_rate first_movers $T)
|- ~greater_or_equal $X $Y \/ $X = $Y \/ greater $X $Y
|- ~environment $E \/ ~greater_or_equal $T (skolem_To $E) \/ ~stable $E \/
   ~subpopulations first_movers efficient_producers $E $T \/
   greater_or_equal (founding_rate efficient_producers $T)
     (founding_rate first_movers $T)
|- in_environment skolem_E (skolem_To skolem_E)
|- greater_or_equal (skolem_T_1 (skolem_To skolem_E)) (skolem_To skolem_E)
|- subpopulations first_movers efficient_producers skolem_E
     (skolem_T_1 (skolem_To skolem_E))
|- skolem_T_1 (skolem_To skolem_E) = skolem_To skolem_E \/
   greater (skolem_T_1 (skolem_To skolem_E)) (skolem_To skolem_E)
|- greater_or_equal
     (founding_rate efficient_producers (skolem_T_1 (skolem_To skolem_E)))
     (founding_rate first_movers (skolem_T_1 (skolem_To skolem_E)))
|- ~greater_or_equal skolem_T (skolem_To skolem_E_1) \/
   ~stable skolem_E_1 \/
   greater_or_equal (founding_rate efficient_producers skolem_T)
     (founding_rate first_movers skolem_T)
|- founding_rate efficient_producers (skolem_T_1 (skolem_To skolem_E)) =
   founding_rate first_movers (skolem_T_1 (skolem_To skolem_E)) \/
   greater
     (founding_rate efficient_producers (skolem_T_1 (skolem_To skolem_E)))
     (founding_rate first_movers (skolem_T_1 (skolem_To skolem_E)))
|- ~greater
      (disbanding_rate first_movers (skolem_T_1 (skolem_To skolem_E)))
      (disbanding_rate efficient_producers
         (skolem_T_1 (skolem_To skolem_E))) \/
   greater
     (growth_rate efficient_producers (skolem_T_1 (skolem_To skolem_E)))
     (growth_rate first_movers (skolem_T_1 (skolem_To skolem_E)))

Sample solution for `SWV010+1`

|- a_holds (key at t)
|- a_stored (b, an_a_nonce)
|- b_holds (key bt t)
|- fresh_to_b an_a_nonce
|- message (sent a b (a, an_a_nonce))
|- party_of_protocol a
|- party_of_protocol b
|- party_of_protocol t
|- t_holds (key at a)
|- t_holds (key bt b)
|- ~a_stored ($Y, $Z) \/
   ~message
      (sent t a (triple (encrypt (quadruple $Y $Z $W $V) at) $X $U)) \/
   a_holds (key $W $Y)
|- ~a_stored ($Y, $Z) \/
   ~message
      (sent t a (triple (encrypt (quadruple $Y $Z $W $V) at) $X $U)) \/
   message (sent a $Y ($X, encrypt $U $W))
|- ~b_stored ($X, $Y) \/
   ~message
      (sent $X b
         (encrypt (triple $X $V (generate_expiration_time $Y)) bt,
          encrypt (generate_b_nonce $Y) $V)) \/ b_holds (key $V $X)
|- ~fresh_to_b $V \/ ~message (sent $U b ($U, $V)) \/ b_stored ($U, $V)
|- ~fresh_to_b $V \/ ~message (sent $U b ($U, $V)) \/
   message
     (sent b t
        (triple b (generate_b_nonce $V)
           (encrypt (triple $U $V (generate_expiration_time $V)) bt)))
|- ~message (sent $U t (triple $U $V (encrypt (triple $W $X $Y) $Z))) \/
   ~t_holds (key $X1 $W) \/ ~t_holds (key $Z $U) \/
   message
     (sent t $W
        (triple (encrypt (quadruple $U $X (generate_key $X) $Y) $X1)
           (encrypt (triple $W (generate_key $X) $Y) $Z) $V))
|- b_stored (a, an_a_nonce)
|- message
     (sent b t
        (triple b (generate_b_nonce an_a_nonce)
           (encrypt
              (triple a an_a_nonce (generate_expiration_time an_a_nonce))
              bt)))
|- ~t_holds (key $_23 a) \/
   message
     (sent t a
        (triple
           (encrypt
              (quadruple b an_a_nonce (generate_key an_a_nonce)
                 (generate_expiration_time an_a_nonce)) $_23)
           (encrypt
              (triple a (generate_key an_a_nonce)
                 (generate_expiration_time an_a_nonce)) bt)
           (generate_b_nonce an_a_nonce)))
|- message
     (sent t a
        (triple
           (encrypt
              (quadruple b an_a_nonce (generate_key an_a_nonce)
                 (generate_expiration_time an_a_nonce)) at)
           (encrypt
              (triple a (generate_key an_a_nonce)
                 (generate_expiration_time an_a_nonce)) bt)
           (generate_b_nonce an_a_nonce)))
|- message
     (sent a b
        (encrypt
           (triple a (generate_key an_a_nonce)
              (generate_expiration_time an_a_nonce)) bt,
         encrypt (generate_b_nonce an_a_nonce) (generate_key an_a_nonce)))
|- a_holds (key (generate_key an_a_nonce) b)
|- b_holds (key (generate_key an_a_nonce) a)

Sample solution for `MGT031-1`

|- ~environment $A \/
   greater (number_of_organizations e (appear an_organisation $A)) zero
|- ~environment $A \/ ~greater (number_of_organizations $A $B) zero \/
   subpopulation (sk1 $B $A) $A $B
|- ~environment $A \/ ~greater (number_of_organizations $A $B) zero \/
   greater (cardinality_at_time (sk1 $B $A) $B) zero
|- ~environment $A \/ ~greater (appear efficient_producers $A) $B \/
   ~greater (cardinality_at_time efficient_producers $B) zero \/
   ~in_environment $A $B
|- ~environment $A \/ ~greater (appear first_movers $A) $B \/
   ~greater (cardinality_at_time first_movers $B) zero \/
   ~in_environment $A $B
|- ~environment $A \/
   greater_or_equal (appear first_movers $A) (appear an_organisation $A)
|- ~greater $A $B \/ ~greater $B $C \/ greater $A $C
|- ~greater_or_equal $A $B \/ $A = $B \/ greater $A $B
|- ~greater $A $B \/ greater_or_equal $A $B
|- greater_or_equal $B $B
|- ~environment $A \/ ~greater (cardinality_at_time $B $C) zero \/
   ~subpopulation $B $A $C \/ $B = efficient_producers \/ $B = first_movers
|- ~environment $A \/
   greater (appear efficient_producers e) (appear first_movers $A)
|- environment sk2
|- in_environment sk2 (appear an_organisation sk2)
|- ~(appear an_organisation sk2 = appear first_movers sk2)
|- greater (number_of_organizations e (appear an_organisation sk2)) zero
|- greater_or_equal
     (number_of_organizations e (appear an_organisation sk2)) zero
|- greater_or_equal (appear first_movers sk2) (appear an_organisation sk2)
|- greater (appear efficient_producers e) (appear first_movers sk2)
|- greater_or_equal (appear efficient_producers e)
     (appear first_movers sk2)
|- greater (appear first_movers sk2) (appear an_organisation sk2)
|- ~greater (appear first_movers sk2) $_10 \/
   greater (appear efficient_producers e) $_10
|- ~greater (appear an_organisation sk2) $_10 \/
   greater (appear first_movers sk2) $_10
|- ~greater zero $_10 \/
   greater (number_of_organizations e (appear an_organisation sk2)) $_10
|- ~greater $_8 (appear efficient_producers e) \/
   greater $_8 (appear first_movers sk2)
|- ~greater $_8 (appear first_movers sk2) \/
   greater $_8 (appear an_organisation sk2)
|- ~greater $_8 (number_of_organizations e (appear an_organisation sk2)) \/
   greater $_8 zero
|- greater (appear efficient_producers e) (appear an_organisation sk2)
|- ~greater $A (appear efficient_producers e) \/
   greater $A (appear an_organisation sk2)
|- ~greater (appear an_organisation sk2) $C \/
   greater (appear efficient_producers e) $C
|- greater_or_equal (appear efficient_producers e)
     (appear an_organisation sk2)
|- ~environment e \/
   subpopulation (sk1 (appear an_organisation sk2) e) e
     (appear an_organisation sk2)
|- ~environment e \/
   greater
     (cardinality_at_time (sk1 (appear an_organisation sk2) e)
        (appear an_organisation sk2)) zero

Otter 3.3

William McCune
Argonne National Laboratory, USA

Sample solution for `SYN075-1`

---------------- PROOF ----------------

1 [] -big_f(A,B)|equal(A,a).
2 [] -big_f(A,B)|equal(B,b).
3 [] -equal(A,a)| -equal(B,b)|big_f(A,B).
4 [] -big_f(A,f(B))| -equal(A,g(B))|equal(f(B),B).
5 [] -equal(A,g(B))|big_f(A,f(B))|equal(f(B),B).
8 [] -equal(f(A),A)|big_f(h(A,B),f(A))|equal(h(A,B),B).
9 [] -equal(f(A),A)| -equal(h(A,B),B)| -big_f(h(A,B),f(A)).
11 [] equal(A,A).
13 [hyper,11,5] big_f(g(A),f(A))|equal(f(A),A).
14 [hyper,11,3,11] big_f(a,b).
21 [hyper,13,3,11] big_f(g(b),f(b))|big_f(a,f(b)).
62 [hyper,21,4,11] big_f(a,f(b))|equal(f(b),b).
79 [hyper,62,3,11,factor_simp] big_f(a,f(b)).
81,80 [hyper,79,2] equal(f(b),b).
126 [hyper,80,8,demod,81] big_f(h(b,A),b)|equal(h(b,A),A).
319 [hyper,126,3,80,demod,81,factor_simp] big_f(h(b,a),b).
331,330 [hyper,319,1] equal(h(b,a),a).
335 [para_from,330.1.1,9.3.1,demod,81,331,81,unit_del,11,11,14] $F.

------------ end of proof -------------

Sample solution for `PUZ031-1`

---------------- PROOF ----------------

1 [] animal(A)| -wolf(A).
2 [] animal(A)| -fox(A).
3 [] animal(A)| -bird(A).
5 [] animal(A)| -snail(A).
6 [] plant(A)| -grain(A).
7 [] eats(A,B)|eats(A,C)| -animal(A)| -plant(B)| -animal(C)| -plant(D)| -much_smaller(C,A)| -eats(C,D).
9 [] much_smaller(A,B)| -snail(A)| -bird(B).
10 [] much_smaller(A,B)| -bird(A)| -fox(B).
11 [] much_smaller(A,B)| -fox(A)| -wolf(B).
13 [] -wolf(A)| -grain(B)| -eats(A,B).
15 [] -bird(A)| -snail(B)| -eats(A,B).
18 [] plant(snail_food_of(A))| -snail(A).
19 [] eats(A,snail_food_of(A))| -snail(A).
20 [] -animal(A)| -animal(B)| -grain(C)| -eats(A,B)| -eats(B,C).
23 [factor,7.4.6] eats(A,B)|eats(A,C)| -animal(A)| -plant(B)| -animal(C)| -much_smaller(C,A)| -eats(C,B).
28 [] wolf(a_wolf).
29 [] fox(a_fox).
30 [] bird(a_bird).
32 [] snail(a_snail).
33 [] grain(a_grain).
34 [hyper,28,1] animal(a_wolf).
35 [hyper,29,11,28] much_smaller(a_fox,a_wolf).
36 [hyper,29,2] animal(a_fox).
37 [hyper,30,10,29] much_smaller(a_bird,a_fox).
38 [hyper,30,3] animal(a_bird).
44 [hyper,32,19] eats(a_snail,snail_food_of(a_snail)).
45 [hyper,32,18] plant(snail_food_of(a_snail)).
46 [hyper,32,9,30] much_smaller(a_snail,a_bird).
47 [hyper,32,5] animal(a_snail).
48 [hyper,33,6] plant(a_grain).
50 [hyper,44,7,38,48,47,45,46] eats(a_bird,a_grain)|eats(a_bird,a_snail).
55 [hyper,50,15,30,32] eats(a_bird,a_grain).
56 [hyper,55,23,36,48,38,37] eats(a_fox,a_grain)|eats(a_fox,a_bird).
62 [hyper,56,20,36,38,33,55] eats(a_fox,a_grain).
63 [hyper,62,23,34,48,36,35] eats(a_wolf,a_grain)|eats(a_wolf,a_fox).
67 [hyper,63,13,28,33] eats(a_wolf,a_fox).
69 [hyper,67,20,34,36,33,62] $F.

------------ end of proof -------------

Paradox 1.3

Koen Claessen, Niklas Sörensson
Chalmers University of Technology and Gothenburg University, Sweden

Solution Description

When it has found a model, Paradox produces a table of definitions for each constant symbol, function symbol, and predicate symbol. The table is sorted alphabetically. In the table, domain elements are represented as positive natural numbers preceded by a ' (tick).

NOTE: In order to save space in the representation of the model, sometimes, some entries in some of the definition tables are missing. This is not a bug! More detailedly, it might happen that for a model with a domain of size n, for some argument position, only a subset {'1,'2,..,'k} of all domain elements is shown, with k < n. What this means is that the entries for other domain elements 'j (with k < j <= n) occurring at that argument position look the same as entries with 'k at that position. Problem NLP041-1.p is an example where a model is represented in such a way.

Sample solution for `MGT031-1`

an_organisation = '1

appear('1,'1) = '2
appear('1,'2) = '2
appear('2,'1) = '1
appear('2,'2) = '1

cardinality_at_time('1,'1) = '2
cardinality_at_time('1,'2) = '2
cardinality_at_time('2,'1) = '2
cardinality_at_time('2,'2) = '2

e = '1

efficient_producers = '2

environment('1) : FALSE
environment('2) : TRUE

first_movers = '2

greater('1,'1) : TRUE
greater('1,'2) : TRUE
greater('2,'1) : FALSE
greater('2,'2) : TRUE

greater_or_equal('1,'1) : TRUE
greater_or_equal('1,'2) : TRUE
greater_or_equal('2,'1) : FALSE
greater_or_equal('2,'2) : TRUE

in_environment('1,'1) : TRUE
in_environment('1,'2) : TRUE
in_environment('2,'1) : TRUE
in_environment('2,'2) : TRUE

number_of_organizations('1,'1) = '2
number_of_organizations('1,'2) = '1
number_of_organizations('2,'1) = '2
number_of_organizations('2,'2) = '2

sk1('1,'1) = '2
sk1('1,'2) = '2
sk1('2,'1) = '2
sk1('2,'2) = '2

sk2 = '2

subpopulation('1,'1,'1) : TRUE
subpopulation('1,'1,'2) : TRUE
subpopulation('1,'2,'1) : TRUE
subpopulation('1,'2,'2) : TRUE
subpopulation('2,'1,'1) : TRUE
subpopulation('2,'1,'2) : TRUE
subpopulation('2,'2,'1) : TRUE
subpopulation('2,'2,'2) : TRUE

zero = '1

Sample solution for `NLP041-1`

abstraction('1,'1) : FALSE
abstraction('1,'2) : FALSE
abstraction('1,'3) : FALSE
abstraction('1,'4) : TRUE

act('1,'1) : FALSE
act('1,'2) : FALSE
act('1,'3) : TRUE
act('1,'4) : FALSE

actual_world('1) : TRUE

agent('1,'1,'1) : TRUE
agent('1,'1,'2) : TRUE
agent('1,'1,'3) : TRUE
agent('1,'1,'4) : TRUE
agent('1,'2,'1) : TRUE
agent('1,'2,'2) : TRUE
agent('1,'2,'3) : TRUE
agent('1,'2,'4) : TRUE
agent('1,'3,'1) : TRUE
agent('1,'3,'2) : FALSE
agent('1,'3,'3) : FALSE
agent('1,'3,'4) : FALSE
agent('1,'4,'1) : TRUE
agent('1,'4,'2) : TRUE
agent('1,'4,'3) : TRUE
agent('1,'4,'4) : FALSE

animate('1,'1) : TRUE
animate('1,'2) : FALSE
animate('1,'3) : FALSE
animate('1,'4) : FALSE

beverage('1,'1) : FALSE
beverage('1,'2) : TRUE
beverage('1,'3) : FALSE
beverage('1,'4) : FALSE

entity('1,'1) : TRUE
entity('1,'2) : TRUE
entity('1,'3) : FALSE
entity('1,'4) : FALSE

event('1,'1) : FALSE
event('1,'2) : FALSE
event('1,'3) : TRUE
event('1,'4) : FALSE

eventuality('1,'1) : FALSE
eventuality('1,'2) : FALSE
eventuality('1,'3) : TRUE
eventuality('1,'4) : FALSE

existent('1,'1) : TRUE
existent('1,'2) : TRUE
existent('1,'3) : FALSE
existent('1,'4) : FALSE

female('1,'1) : TRUE
female('1,'2) : FALSE
female('1,'3) : FALSE
female('1,'4) : FALSE

food('1,'1) : FALSE
food('1,'2) : TRUE
food('1,'3) : FALSE
food('1,'4) : FALSE

forename('1,'1) : FALSE
forename('1,'2) : FALSE
forename('1,'3) : FALSE
forename('1,'4) : TRUE

general('1,'1) : FALSE
general('1,'2) : FALSE
general('1,'3) : FALSE
general('1,'4) : TRUE

human('1,'1) : TRUE
human('1,'2) : FALSE
human('1,'3) : FALSE
human('1,'4) : FALSE

human_person('1,'1) : TRUE
human_person('1,'2) : FALSE
human_person('1,'3) : FALSE
human_person('1,'4) : FALSE

impartial('1,'1) : TRUE
impartial('1,'2) : TRUE
impartial('1,'3) : FALSE
impartial('1,'4) : FALSE

living('1,'1) : TRUE
living('1,'2) : FALSE
living('1,'3) : FALSE
living('1,'4) : FALSE

mia_forename('1,'1) : FALSE
mia_forename('1,'2) : FALSE
mia_forename('1,'3) : FALSE
mia_forename('1,'4) : TRUE

nonexistent('1,'1) : FALSE
nonexistent('1,'2) : FALSE
nonexistent('1,'3) : TRUE
nonexistent('1,'4) : TRUE

nonhuman('1,'1) : FALSE
nonhuman('1,'2) : TRUE
nonhuman('1,'3) : TRUE
nonhuman('1,'4) : TRUE

nonliving('1,'1) : FALSE
nonliving('1,'2) : TRUE
nonliving('1,'3) : TRUE
nonliving('1,'4) : TRUE

nonreflexive('1,'1) : FALSE
nonreflexive('1,'2) : FALSE
nonreflexive('1,'3) : TRUE
nonreflexive('1,'4) : TRUE

object('1,'1) : FALSE
object('1,'2) : TRUE
object('1,'3) : FALSE
object('1,'4) : FALSE

of('1,'1,'1) : FALSE
of('1,'1,'2) : TRUE
of('1,'1,'3) : TRUE
of('1,'1,'4) : TRUE
of('1,'2,'1) : FALSE
of('1,'2,'2) : TRUE
of('1,'2,'3) : TRUE
of('1,'2,'4) : TRUE
of('1,'3,'1) : FALSE
of('1,'3,'2) : TRUE
of('1,'3,'3) : TRUE
of('1,'3,'4) : TRUE
of('1,'4,'1) : TRUE
of('1,'4,'2) : TRUE
of('1,'4,'3) : TRUE
of('1,'4,'4) : TRUE

order('1,'1) : FALSE
order('1,'2) : FALSE
order('1,'3) : TRUE
order('1,'4) : FALSE

organism('1,'1) : TRUE
organism('1,'2) : FALSE
organism('1,'3) : FALSE
organism('1,'4) : FALSE

past('1,'1) : FALSE
past('1,'2) : FALSE
past('1,'3) : TRUE
past('1,'4) : FALSE

patient('1,'1,'1) : TRUE
patient('1,'1,'2) : TRUE
patient('1,'1,'3) : TRUE
patient('1,'1,'4) : TRUE
patient('1,'2,'1) : TRUE
patient('1,'2,'2) : TRUE
patient('1,'2,'3) : TRUE
patient('1,'2,'4) : TRUE
patient('1,'3,'1) : FALSE
patient('1,'3,'2) : TRUE
patient('1,'3,'3) : TRUE
patient('1,'3,'4) : TRUE
patient('1,'4,'1) : FALSE
patient('1,'4,'2) : FALSE
patient('1,'4,'3) : FALSE
patient('1,'4,'4) : TRUE

relation('1,'1) : FALSE
relation('1,'2) : FALSE
relation('1,'3) : FALSE
relation('1,'4) : TRUE

relname('1,'1) : FALSE
relname('1,'2) : FALSE
relname('1,'3) : FALSE
relname('1,'4) : TRUE

shake_beverage('1,'1) : FALSE
shake_beverage('1,'2) : TRUE
shake_beverage('1,'3) : FALSE
shake_beverage('1,'4) : FALSE

singleton('1,'1) : TRUE
singleton('1,'2) : TRUE
singleton('1,'3) : TRUE
singleton('1,'4) : TRUE

skc5 = '1

skc6 = '3

skc7 = '2

skc8 = '4

skc9 = '1

specific('1,'1) : TRUE
specific('1,'2) : TRUE
specific('1,'3) : TRUE
specific('1,'4) : FALSE

substance_matter('1,'1) : FALSE
substance_matter('1,'2) : TRUE
substance_matter('1,'3) : FALSE
substance_matter('1,'4) : FALSE

thing('1,'1) : TRUE
thing('1,'2) : TRUE
thing('1,'3) : TRUE
thing('1,'4) : TRUE

unisex('1,'1) : FALSE
unisex('1,'2) : TRUE
unisex('1,'3) : TRUE
unisex('1,'4) : TRUE

woman('1,'1) : TRUE
woman('1,'2) : FALSE
woman('1,'3) : FALSE
woman('1,'4) : FALSE

Paradox 2.2

Koen Claessen
Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden

Sample solution for `MGT019+2`

% domain size is 1
disbanding_rate(!1,!1) = !1
efficient_producers = !1
environment(!1) <=> $true
first_movers = !1
founding_rate(!1,!1) = !1
greater(!1,!1) <=> $false
greater_or_equal(!1,!1) <=> $true
growth_rate(!1,!1) = !1
in_environment(!1,!1) <=> $true
stable(!1) <=> $true
subpopulations(!1,!1,!1,!1) <=> $true

Sample solution for `SWV010+1`

% domain size is 1
a_holds(X1)
a_stored(X1)
b_holds(X1)
b_stored(X1)
fresh_to_b(X1)
message(X1)
party_of_protocol(X1)
t_holds(X1)

Sample solution for `MGT031-1`

% domain size is 2

an_organisation = !1

appear(!1,!1) = !2
appear(!1,!2) = !1
appear(!2,!1) = !1
appear(!2,!2) = !2

cardinality_at_time(!1,!1) = !2
cardinality_at_time(!1,!2) = !1
cardinality_at_time(!2,!1) = !1
cardinality_at_time(!2,!2) = !2

e = !1

efficient_producers = !1

environment(!1) <=> $false
environment(!2) <=> $true

first_movers = !2

greater(!1,!1) <=> $false
greater(!1,!2) <=> $false
greater(!2,!1) <=> $true
greater(!2,!2) <=> $true

greater_or_equal(!1,!1) <=> $true
greater_or_equal(!1,!2) <=> $false
greater_or_equal(!2,!1) <=> $true
greater_or_equal(!2,!2) <=> $true

in_environment(!1,!1) <=> $false
in_environment(!1,!2) <=> $false
in_environment(!2,!1) <=> $true
in_environment(!2,!2) <=> $false

number_of_organizations(!1,!1) = !2
number_of_organizations(!1,!2) = !1
number_of_organizations(!2,!1) = !1
number_of_organizations(!2,!2) = !2

sk1(!1,!1) = !1
sk1(!1,!2) = !2
sk1(!2,!1) = !2
sk1(!2,!2) = !2

sk2 = !2

subpopulation(!1,!1,!1) <=> $false
subpopulation(!1,!1,!2) <=> $false
subpopulation(!1,!2,!1) <=> $false
subpopulation(!1,!2,!2) <=> $false
subpopulation(!2,!1,!1) <=> $false
subpopulation(!2,!1,!2) <=> $false
subpopulation(!2,!2,!1) <=> $false
subpopulation(!2,!2,!2) <=> $true

zero = !1

Vampire 8.1

Andrei Voronkov
University of Manchester, England

Sample solution for `SYN075+1`

=========== Refutation ==========
*********** [1, input] ***********
(? X0 X1)(! X2 X3)(big_f(X2,X3) <=> X2=X0 & X3=X1)
*********** [1->77, normalize] ***********
  (? X0 X1)(! X2 X3)(big_f(X2,X3) <=> X2=X0 & X3=X1)
-----------------------------
  (? X0 X1)(! X2 X3)(big_f(X2,X3) <=> X3=X1 & X2=X0)
*********** [77->84, NNF transformation] ***********
  (? X0 X1)(! X2 X3)(big_f(X2,X3) <=> X3=X1 & X2=X0)
-----------------------------
  (? X0 X1)(! X2 X3)((~big_f(X2,X3) \/ (X3=X1 & X2=X0)) & ((X3!=X1 \/ X2!=X0) \/ big_f(X2,X3)))
*********** [84->85, flattening] ***********
  (? X0 X1)(! X2 X3)((~big_f(X2,X3) \/ (X3=X1 & X2=X0)) & ((X3!=X1 \/ X2!=X0) \/ big_f(X2,X3)))
-----------------------------
  (? X0 X1)(! X2 X3)((~big_f(X2,X3) \/ (X3=X1 & X2=X0)) & (X3!=X1 \/ X2!=X0 \/ big_f(X2,X3)))
*********** [85->86, skolemization] ***********
  (? X0 X1)(! X2 X3)((~big_f(X2,X3) \/ (X3=X1 & X2=X0)) & (X3!=X1 \/ X2!=X0 \/ big_f(X2,X3)))
-----------------------------
  (~big_f(X2,X3) \/ (X3=$s12 & X2=$s11)) & (X3!=$s12 \/ X2!=$s11 \/ big_f(X2,X3))
*********** [86->93, cnf transformation] ***********
  (~big_f(X2,X3) \/ (X3=$s12 & X2=$s11)) & (X3!=$s12 \/ X2!=$s11 \/ big_f(X2,X3))
-----------------------------
  big_f(X2,X3) \/ X2!=$s11 \/ X3!=$s12
*********** [93->116, equality resolution, passive clause reanimation] ***********
  big_f(X2,X3) \/ X2!=$s11 \/ X3!=$s12
-----------------------------
  X1!=$s11 \/ big_f(X1,$s12)
*********** [116->122, equality resolution, passive clause reanimation] ***********
  X1!=$s11 \/ big_f(X1,$s12)
-----------------------------
  big_f($s11,$s12)
*********** [2, input] ***********
~(? X1)(! X3)((? X0)(! X2)(big_f(X2,X3) <=> X2=X0) <=> X3=X1)
*********** [2->78, rectify] ***********
  ~(? X1)(! X3)((? X0)(! X2)(big_f(X2,X3) <=> X2=X0) <=> X3=X1)
-----------------------------
  ~(? X0)(! X1)((? X2)(! X3)(big_f(X3,X1) <=> X3=X2) <=> X1=X0)
*********** [78->79, normalize] ***********
  ~(? X0)(! X1)((? X2)(! X3)(big_f(X3,X1) <=> X3=X2) <=> X1=X0)
-----------------------------
  ~(? X0)(! X1)(X1=X0 <=> (? X2)(! X3)(X3=X2 <=> big_f(X3,X1)))
*********** [79->80, ENNF transformation] ***********
  ~(? X0)(! X1)(X1=X0 <=> (? X2)(! X3)(X3=X2 <=> big_f(X3,X1)))
-----------------------------
  (! X0)(? X1)(X1=X0 <~> (? X2)(! X3)(X3=X2 <=> big_f(X3,X1)))
*********** [80->81, NNF transformation] ***********
  (! X0)(? X1)(X1=X0 <~> (? X2)(! X3)(X3=X2 <=> big_f(X3,X1)))
-----------------------------
  (! X0)(? X1)((X1=X0 \/ (? X2)(! X3)((X3!=X2 \/ big_f(X3,X1)) & (~big_f(X3,X1) \/ X3=X2))) & (X1!=X0 \/ (! X2)(? X3)((X3=X2 \/ big_f(X3,X1)) & (X3!=X2 \/ ~big_f(X3,X1)))))
*********** [81->82, rectify] ***********
  (! X0)(? X1)((X1=X0 \/ (? X2)(! X3)((X3!=X2 \/ big_f(X3,X1)) & (~big_f(X3,X1) \/ X3=X2))) & (X1!=X0 \/ (! X2)(? X3)((X3=X2 \/ big_f(X3,X1)) & (X3!=X2 \/ ~big_f(X3,X1)))))
-----------------------------
  (! X0)(? X1)((X1=X0 \/ (? X2)(! X3)((X3!=X2 \/ big_f(X3,X1)) & (~big_f(X3,X1) \/ X3=X2))) & (X1!=X0 \/ (! X4)(? X5)((X5=X4 \/ big_f(X5,X1)) & (X5!=X4 \/ ~big_f(X5,X1)))))
*********** [82->83, skolemization] ***********
  (! X0)(? X1)((X1=X0 \/ (? X2)(! X3)((X3!=X2 \/ big_f(X3,X1)) & (~big_f(X3,X1) \/ X3=X2))) & (X1!=X0 \/ (! X4)(? X5)((X5=X4 \/ big_f(X5,X1)) & (X5!=X4 \/ ~big_f(X5,X1)))))
-----------------------------
  ($s8(X0)=X0 \/ ((X3!=$s9(X1) \/ big_f(X3,$s8(X0))) & (~big_f(X3,$s8(X0)) \/ X3=$s9(X1)))) & ($s8(X0)!=X0 \/ (($s10(X1,X4)=X4 \/ big_f($s10(X1,X4),$s8(X0))) & ($s10(X1,X4)!=X4 \/ ~big_f($s10(X1,X4),$s8(X0)))))
*********** [83->87, cnf transformation] ***********
  ($s8(X0)=X0 \/ ((X3!=$s9(X1) \/ big_f(X3,$s8(X0))) & (~big_f(X3,$s8(X0)) \/ X3=$s9(X1)))) & ($s8(X0)!=X0 \/ (($s10(X1,X4)=X4 \/ big_f($s10(X1,X4),$s8(X0))) & ($s10(X1,X4)!=X4 \/ ~big_f($s10(X1,X4),$s8(X0)))))
-----------------------------
  big_f(X3,$s8(X0)) \/ X3!=$s9(X1) \/ $s8(X0)=X0
*********** [87->118, equality resolution, passive clause reanimation] ***********
  big_f(X3,$s8(X0)) \/ X3!=$s9(X1) \/ $s8(X0)=X0
-----------------------------
  big_f($s9(X1),$s8(X2)) \/ $s8(X2)=X2
*********** [86->91, cnf transformation] ***********
  (~big_f(X2,X3) \/ (X3=$s12 & X2=$s11)) & (X3!=$s12 \/ X2!=$s11 \/ big_f(X2,X3))
-----------------------------
  X3=$s12 \/ ~big_f(X2,X3)
*********** [118,91->123, resolution, passive clause reanimation] ***********
  big_f($s9(X1),$s8(X2)) \/ $s8(X2)=X2
  X3=$s12 \/ ~big_f(X2,X3)
-----------------------------
  $s8(X1)=$s12 \/ $s8(X1)=X1
*********** [123->131, equality factoring, passive clause reanimation] ***********
  $s8(X1)=$s12 \/ $s8(X1)=X1
-----------------------------
  $s12!=X1 \/ $s8(X1)=X1
*********** [131->146, equality resolution, passive clause reanimation] ***********
  $s12!=X1 \/ $s8(X1)=X1
-----------------------------
  $s8($s12)=$s12
*********** [83->89, cnf transformation] ***********
  ($s8(X0)=X0 \/ ((X3!=$s9(X1) \/ big_f(X3,$s8(X0))) & (~big_f(X3,$s8(X0)) \/ X3=$s9(X1)))) & ($s8(X0)!=X0 \/ (($s10(X1,X4)=X4 \/ big_f($s10(X1,X4),$s8(X0))) & ($s10(X1,X4)!=X4 \/ ~big_f($s10(X1,X4),$s8(X0)))))
-----------------------------
  big_f($s10(X1,X4),$s8(X0)) \/ $s10(X1,X4)=X4 \/ $s8(X0)!=X0
*********** [146,89,146->202, backward superposition, forward demodulation, passive clause reanimation] ***********
  $s8($s12)=$s12
  big_f($s10(X1,X4),$s8(X0)) \/ $s10(X1,X4)=X4 \/ $s8(X0)!=X0
  $s8($s12)=$s12
-----------------------------
  big_f($s10(X1,X2),$s12) \/ $s10(X1,X2)=X2
*********** [86->92, cnf transformation] ***********
  (~big_f(X2,X3) \/ (X3=$s12 & X2=$s11)) & (X3!=$s12 \/ X2!=$s11 \/ big_f(X2,X3))
-----------------------------
  X2=$s11 \/ ~big_f(X2,X3)
*********** [202,92->213, resolution, passive clause reanimation] ***********
  big_f($s10(X1,X2),$s12) \/ $s10(X1,X2)=X2
  X2=$s11 \/ ~big_f(X2,X3)
-----------------------------
  $s10(X1,X2)=$s11 \/ $s10(X1,X2)=X2
*********** [213->296, equality factoring, passive clause reanimation] ***********
  $s10(X1,X2)=$s11 \/ $s10(X1,X2)=X2
-----------------------------
  $s11!=X1 \/ $s10(X2,X1)=X1
*********** [296->320, equality resolution, passive clause reanimation] ***********
  $s11!=X1 \/ $s10(X2,X1)=X1
-----------------------------
  $s10(X1,$s11)=$s11
*********** [83->90, cnf transformation] ***********
  ($s8(X0)=X0 \/ ((X3!=$s9(X1) \/ big_f(X3,$s8(X0))) & (~big_f(X3,$s8(X0)) \/ X3=$s9(X1)))) & ($s8(X0)!=X0 \/ (($s10(X1,X4)=X4 \/ big_f($s10(X1,X4),$s8(X0))) & ($s10(X1,X4)!=X4 \/ ~big_f($s10(X1,X4),$s8(X0)))))
-----------------------------
  ~big_f($s10(X1,X4),$s8(X0)) \/ $s10(X1,X4)!=X4 \/ $s8(X0)!=X0
*********** [146,90,146->192, backward superposition, forward demodulation, passive clause reanimation] ***********
  $s8($s12)=$s12
  ~big_f($s10(X1,X4),$s8(X0)) \/ $s10(X1,X4)!=X4 \/ $s8(X0)!=X0
  $s8($s12)=$s12
-----------------------------
  $s10(X1,X2)!=X2 \/ ~big_f($s10(X1,X2),$s12)
*********** [122,320,192,320->328, backward superposition, forward demodulation, forward subsumption resolution] ***********
  big_f($s11,$s12)
  $s10(X1,$s11)=$s11
  $s10(X1,X2)!=X2 \/ ~big_f($s10(X1,X2),$s12)
  $s10(X1,$s11)=$s11
-----------------------------
  #
======= End of refutation =======

Sample solution for `SYN075-1`

=========== Refutation ==========
*********** [3, input] ***********
X0!=a \/ X1!=b \/ big_f(X0,X1)
*********** [3->11, normalize] ***********
  X0!=a \/ X1!=b \/ big_f(X0,X1)
-----------------------------
  X1!=b \/ X0!=a \/ big_f(X0,X1)
*********** [11->28, equality resolution] ***********
  X1!=b \/ X0!=a \/ big_f(X0,X1)
-----------------------------
  X1!=a \/ big_f(X1,b)
*********** [28->35, equality resolution] ***********
  X1!=a \/ big_f(X1,b)
-----------------------------
  big_f(a,b)
*********** [1, input] ***********
~big_f(X0,X1) \/ X0=a
*********** [4, input] ***********
~big_f(X1,f(X0)) \/ X1!=g(X0) \/ f(X0)=X0
*********** [4->12, normalize] ***********
  ~big_f(X1,f(X0)) \/ X1!=g(X0) \/ f(X0)=X0
-----------------------------
  X1!=g(X0) \/ ~big_f(X1,f(X0)) \/ X0=f(X0)
*********** [12->21, literal permutation] ***********
  X1!=g(X0) \/ ~big_f(X1,f(X0)) \/ X0=f(X0)
-----------------------------
  X1!=g(X2) \/ ~big_f(X1,f(X2)) \/ f(X2)=X2
*********** [6, input] ***********
X1!=g(X0) \/ big_f(X1,f(X0)) \/ f(X0)=X0
*********** [6->14, normalize] ***********
  X1!=g(X0) \/ big_f(X1,f(X0)) \/ f(X0)=X0
-----------------------------
  X1!=g(X0) \/ X0=f(X0) \/ big_f(X1,f(X0))
*********** [21,14->22, forward subsumption resolution] ***********
  X1!=g(X2) \/ ~big_f(X1,f(X2)) \/ f(X2)=X2
  X1!=g(X0) \/ X0=f(X0) \/ big_f(X1,f(X0))
-----------------------------
  X1!=g(X2) \/ f(X2)=X2
*********** [22->29, equality resolution] ***********
  X1!=g(X2) \/ f(X2)=X2
-----------------------------
  f(X1)=X1
*********** [9, input] ***********
f(X0)!=X0 \/ big_f(h(X0,X2),f(X0)) \/ h(X0,X2)=X2
*********** [9->17, normalize] ***********
  f(X0)!=X0 \/ big_f(h(X0,X2),f(X0)) \/ h(X0,X2)=X2
-----------------------------
  X0!=f(X0) \/ X2=h(X0,X2) \/ big_f(h(X0,X2),f(X0))
*********** [17->25, literal permutation] ***********
  X0!=f(X0) \/ X2=h(X0,X2) \/ big_f(h(X0,X2),f(X0))
-----------------------------
  f(X1)!=X1 \/ big_f(h(X1,X2),f(X1)) \/ h(X1,X2)=X2
*********** [29,25->31, backward demodulation] ***********
  f(X1)=X1
  f(X1)!=X1 \/ big_f(h(X1,X2),f(X1)) \/ h(X1,X2)=X2
-----------------------------
  big_f(h(X1,X2),X1) \/ h(X1,X2)=X2
*********** [1,31->33, resolution] ***********
  ~big_f(X0,X1) \/ X0=a
  big_f(h(X1,X2),X1) \/ h(X1,X2)=X2
-----------------------------
  h(X1,X2)=a \/ h(X1,X2)=X2
*********** [33->36, equality factoring] ***********
  h(X1,X2)=a \/ h(X1,X2)=X2
-----------------------------
  a!=X1 \/ h(X2,X1)=X1
*********** [36->40, equality resolution] ***********
  a!=X1 \/ h(X2,X1)=X1
-----------------------------
  h(X1,a)=a
*********** [10, input] ***********
f(X0)!=X0 \/ h(X0,X2)!=X2 \/ ~big_f(h(X0,X2),f(X0))
*********** [10->18, normalize] ***********
  f(X0)!=X0 \/ h(X0,X2)!=X2 \/ ~big_f(h(X0,X2),f(X0))
-----------------------------
  X0!=f(X0) \/ X2!=h(X0,X2) \/ ~big_f(h(X0,X2),f(X0))
*********** [18->24, literal permutation] ***********
  X0!=f(X0) \/ X2!=h(X0,X2) \/ ~big_f(h(X0,X2),f(X0))
-----------------------------
  h(X1,X2)!=X2 \/ ~big_f(h(X1,X2),f(X1)) \/ f(X1)!=X1
*********** [29,24->32, backward demodulation] ***********
  f(X1)=X1
  h(X1,X2)!=X2 \/ ~big_f(h(X1,X2),f(X1)) \/ f(X1)!=X1
-----------------------------
  h(X1,X2)!=X2 \/ ~big_f(h(X1,X2),X1)
*********** [40,32,40->41, backward superposition, forward demodulation] ***********
  h(X1,a)=a
  h(X1,X2)!=X2 \/ ~big_f(h(X1,X2),X1)
  h(X1,a)=a
-----------------------------
  ~big_f(a,X1)
*********** [35,41->42, resolution] ***********
  big_f(a,b)
  ~big_f(a,X1)
-----------------------------
  #
======= End of refutation =======

Vampire 9.0

Andrei Voronkov
University of Manchester, England

Sample solution for `SYN075+1`

=========== Refutation ==========
*********** [1, input] ***********
(? X0 X1)(! X2 X3)(big_f(X2,X3) <=> X2=X0 & X3=X1)
*********** [1->77, normalize] ***********
  (? X0 X1)(! X2 X3)(big_f(X2,X3) <=> X2=X0 & X3=X1)
-----------------------------
  (? X0 X1)(! X2 X3)(big_f(X2,X3) <=> X3=X1 & X2=X0)
*********** [77->84, NNF transformation] ***********
  (? X0 X1)(! X2 X3)(big_f(X2,X3) <=> X3=X1 & X2=X0)
-----------------------------
  (? X0 X1)(! X2 X3)((~big_f(X2,X3) \/ (X3=X1 & X2=X0)) & ((X3!=X1 \/ X2!=X0) \/ big_f(X2,X3)))
*********** [84->85, flattening] ***********
  (? X0 X1)(! X2 X3)((~big_f(X2,X3) \/ (X3=X1 & X2=X0)) & ((X3!=X1 \/ X2!=X0) \/ big_f(X2,X3)))
-----------------------------
  (? X0 X1)(! X2 X3)((~big_f(X2,X3) \/ (X3=X1 & X2=X0)) & (X3!=X1 \/ X2!=X0 \/ big_f(X2,X3)))
*********** [85->86, skolemization] ***********
  (? X0 X1)(! X2 X3)((~big_f(X2,X3) \/ (X3=X1 & X2=X0)) & (X3!=X1 \/ X2!=X0 \/ big_f(X2,X3)))
-----------------------------
  (~big_f(X2,X3) \/ (X3=$s12 & X2=$s11)) & (X3!=$s12 \/ X2!=$s11 \/ big_f(X2,X3))
*********** [86->93, cnf transformation] ***********
  (~big_f(X2,X3) \/ (X3=$s12 & X2=$s11)) & (X3!=$s12 \/ X2!=$s11 \/ big_f(X2,X3))
-----------------------------
  big_f(X2,X3) \/ X2!=$s11 \/ X3!=$s12
*********** [93->116, equality resolution, passive clause reanimation] ***********
  big_f(X2,X3) \/ X2!=$s11 \/ X3!=$s12
-----------------------------
  X1!=$s11 \/ big_f(X1,$s12)
*********** [116->122, equality resolution, passive clause reanimation] ***********
  X1!=$s11 \/ big_f(X1,$s12)
-----------------------------
  big_f($s11,$s12)
*********** [2, input] ***********
~(? X1)(! X3)((? X0)(! X2)(big_f(X2,X3) <=> X2=X0) <=> X3=X1)
*********** [2->78, rectify] ***********
  ~(? X1)(! X3)((? X0)(! X2)(big_f(X2,X3) <=> X2=X0) <=> X3=X1)
-----------------------------
  ~(? X0)(! X1)((? X2)(! X3)(big_f(X3,X1) <=> X3=X2) <=> X1=X0)
*********** [78->79, normalize] ***********
  ~(? X0)(! X1)((? X2)(! X3)(big_f(X3,X1) <=> X3=X2) <=> X1=X0)
-----------------------------
  ~(? X0)(! X1)(X1=X0 <=> (? X2)(! X3)(X3=X2 <=> big_f(X3,X1)))
*********** [79->80, ENNF transformation] ***********
  ~(? X0)(! X1)(X1=X0 <=> (? X2)(! X3)(X3=X2 <=> big_f(X3,X1)))
-----------------------------
  (! X0)(? X1)(X1=X0 <~> (? X2)(! X3)(X3=X2 <=> big_f(X3,X1)))
*********** [80->81, NNF transformation] ***********
  (! X0)(? X1)(X1=X0 <~> (? X2)(! X3)(X3=X2 <=> big_f(X3,X1)))
-----------------------------
  (! X0)(? X1)((X1=X0 \/ (? X2)(! X3)((X3!=X2 \/ big_f(X3,X1)) & (~big_f(X3,X1) \/ X3=X2))) & (X1!=X0 \/ (! X2)(? X3)((X3=X2 \/ big_f(X3,X1)) & (X3!=X2 \/ ~big_f(X3,X1)))))
*********** [81->82, rectify] ***********
  (! X0)(? X1)((X1=X0 \/ (? X2)(! X3)((X3!=X2 \/ big_f(X3,X1)) & (~big_f(X3,X1) \/ X3=X2))) & (X1!=X0 \/ (! X2)(? X3)((X3=X2 \/ big_f(X3,X1)) & (X3!=X2 \/ ~big_f(X3,X1)))))
-----------------------------
  (! X0)(? X1)((X1=X0 \/ (? X2)(! X3)((X3!=X2 \/ big_f(X3,X1)) & (~big_f(X3,X1) \/ X3=X2))) & (X1!=X0 \/ (! X4)(? X5)((X5=X4 \/ big_f(X5,X1)) & (X5!=X4 \/ ~big_f(X5,X1)))))
*********** [82->83, skolemization] ***********
  (! X0)(? X1)((X1=X0 \/ (? X2)(! X3)((X3!=X2 \/ big_f(X3,X1)) & (~big_f(X3,X1) \/ X3=X2))) & (X1!=X0 \/ (! X4)(? X5)((X5=X4 \/ big_f(X5,X1)) & (X5!=X4 \/ ~big_f(X5,X1)))))
-----------------------------
  ($s8(X0)=X0 \/ ((X3!=$s9(X1) \/ big_f(X3,$s8(X0))) & (~big_f(X3,$s8(X0)) \/ X3=$s9(X1)))) & ($s8(X0)!=X0 \/ (($s10(X1,X4)=X4 \/ big_f($s10(X1,X4),$s8(X0))) & ($s10(X1,X4)!=X4 \/ ~big_f($s10(X1,X4),$s8(X0)))))
*********** [83->87, cnf transformation] ***********
  ($s8(X0)=X0 \/ ((X3!=$s9(X1) \/ big_f(X3,$s8(X0))) & (~big_f(X3,$s8(X0)) \/ X3=$s9(X1)))) & ($s8(X0)!=X0 \/ (($s10(X1,X4)=X4 \/ big_f($s10(X1,X4),$s8(X0))) & ($s10(X1,X4)!=X4 \/ ~big_f($s10(X1,X4),$s8(X0)))))
-----------------------------
  big_f(X3,$s8(X0)) \/ X3!=$s9(X1) \/ $s8(X0)=X0
*********** [87->118, equality resolution, passive clause reanimation] ***********
  big_f(X3,$s8(X0)) \/ X3!=$s9(X1) \/ $s8(X0)=X0
-----------------------------
  big_f($s9(X1),$s8(X2)) \/ $s8(X2)=X2
*********** [86->91, cnf transformation] ***********
  (~big_f(X2,X3) \/ (X3=$s12 & X2=$s11)) & (X3!=$s12 \/ X2!=$s11 \/ big_f(X2,X3))
-----------------------------
  X3=$s12 \/ ~big_f(X2,X3)
*********** [118,91->123, resolution, passive clause reanimation] ***********
  big_f($s9(X1),$s8(X2)) \/ $s8(X2)=X2
  X3=$s12 \/ ~big_f(X2,X3)
-----------------------------
  $s8(X1)=$s12 \/ $s8(X1)=X1
*********** [123->131, equality factoring, passive clause reanimation] ***********
  $s8(X1)=$s12 \/ $s8(X1)=X1
-----------------------------
  $s12!=X1 \/ $s8(X1)=X1
*********** [131->146, equality resolution, passive clause reanimation] ***********
  $s12!=X1 \/ $s8(X1)=X1
-----------------------------
  $s8($s12)=$s12
*********** [83->89, cnf transformation] ***********
  ($s8(X0)=X0 \/ ((X3!=$s9(X1) \/ big_f(X3,$s8(X0))) & (~big_f(X3,$s8(X0)) \/ X3=$s9(X1)))) & ($s8(X0)!=X0 \/ (($s10(X1,X4)=X4 \/ big_f($s10(X1,X4),$s8(X0))) & ($s10(X1,X4)!=X4 \/ ~big_f($s10(X1,X4),$s8(X0)))))
-----------------------------
  big_f($s10(X1,X4),$s8(X0)) \/ $s10(X1,X4)=X4 \/ $s8(X0)!=X0
*********** [146,89,146->202, backward superposition, forward demodulation, passive clause reanimation] ***********
  $s8($s12)=$s12
  big_f($s10(X1,X4),$s8(X0)) \/ $s10(X1,X4)=X4 \/ $s8(X0)!=X0
  $s8($s12)=$s12
-----------------------------
  big_f($s10(X1,X2),$s12) \/ $s10(X1,X2)=X2
*********** [86->92, cnf transformation] ***********
  (~big_f(X2,X3) \/ (X3=$s12 & X2=$s11)) & (X3!=$s12 \/ X2!=$s11 \/ big_f(X2,X3))
-----------------------------
  X2=$s11 \/ ~big_f(X2,X3)
*********** [202,92->213, resolution, passive clause reanimation] ***********
  big_f($s10(X1,X2),$s12) \/ $s10(X1,X2)=X2
  X2=$s11 \/ ~big_f(X2,X3)
-----------------------------
  $s10(X1,X2)=$s11 \/ $s10(X1,X2)=X2
*********** [213->296, equality factoring, passive clause reanimation] ***********
  $s10(X1,X2)=$s11 \/ $s10(X1,X2)=X2
-----------------------------
  $s11!=X1 \/ $s10(X2,X1)=X1
*********** [296->320, equality resolution, passive clause reanimation] ***********
  $s11!=X1 \/ $s10(X2,X1)=X1
-----------------------------
  $s10(X1,$s11)=$s11
*********** [83->90, cnf transformation] ***********
  ($s8(X0)=X0 \/ ((X3!=$s9(X1) \/ big_f(X3,$s8(X0))) & (~big_f(X3,$s8(X0)) \/ X3=$s9(X1)))) & ($s8(X0)!=X0 \/ (($s10(X1,X4)=X4 \/ big_f($s10(X1,X4),$s8(X0))) & ($s10(X1,X4)!=X4 \/ ~big_f($s10(X1,X4),$s8(X0)))))
-----------------------------
  ~big_f($s10(X1,X4),$s8(X0)) \/ $s10(X1,X4)!=X4 \/ $s8(X0)!=X0
*********** [146,90,146->192, backward superposition, forward demodulation, passive clause reanimation] ***********
  $s8($s12)=$s12
  ~big_f($s10(X1,X4),$s8(X0)) \/ $s10(X1,X4)!=X4 \/ $s8(X0)!=X0
  $s8($s12)=$s12
-----------------------------
  $s10(X1,X2)!=X2 \/ ~big_f($s10(X1,X2),$s12)
*********** [122,320,192,320->328, backward superposition, forward demodulation, forward subsumption resolution] ***********
  big_f($s11,$s12)
  $s10(X1,$s11)=$s11
  $s10(X1,X2)!=X2 \/ ~big_f($s10(X1,X2),$s12)
  $s10(X1,$s11)=$s11
-----------------------------
  #
======= End of refutation =======

Sample solution for `SYN075-1`

=========== Refutation ==========
*********** [3, input] ***********
X0!=a \/ X1!=b \/ big_f(X0,X1)
*********** [3->11, normalize] ***********
  X0!=a \/ X1!=b \/ big_f(X0,X1)
-----------------------------
  X1!=b \/ X0!=a \/ big_f(X0,X1)
*********** [11->28, equality resolution] ***********
  X1!=b \/ X0!=a \/ big_f(X0,X1)
-----------------------------
  X1!=a \/ big_f(X1,b)
*********** [28->35, equality resolution] ***********
  X1!=a \/ big_f(X1,b)
-----------------------------
  big_f(a,b)
*********** [1, input] ***********
~big_f(X0,X1) \/ X0=a
*********** [4, input] ***********
~big_f(X1,f(X0)) \/ X1!=g(X0) \/ f(X0)=X0
*********** [4->12, normalize] ***********
  ~big_f(X1,f(X0)) \/ X1!=g(X0) \/ f(X0)=X0
-----------------------------
  X1!=g(X0) \/ ~big_f(X1,f(X0)) \/ X0=f(X0)
*********** [12->21, literal permutation] ***********
  X1!=g(X0) \/ ~big_f(X1,f(X0)) \/ X0=f(X0)
-----------------------------
  X1!=g(X2) \/ ~big_f(X1,f(X2)) \/ f(X2)=X2
*********** [6, input] ***********
X1!=g(X0) \/ big_f(X1,f(X0)) \/ f(X0)=X0
*********** [6->14, normalize] ***********
  X1!=g(X0) \/ big_f(X1,f(X0)) \/ f(X0)=X0
-----------------------------
  X1!=g(X0) \/ X0=f(X0) \/ big_f(X1,f(X0))
*********** [21,14->22, forward subsumption resolution] ***********
  X1!=g(X2) \/ ~big_f(X1,f(X2)) \/ f(X2)=X2
  X1!=g(X0) \/ X0=f(X0) \/ big_f(X1,f(X0))
-----------------------------
  X1!=g(X2) \/ f(X2)=X2
*********** [22->29, equality resolution] ***********
  X1!=g(X2) \/ f(X2)=X2
-----------------------------
  f(X1)=X1
*********** [9, input] ***********
f(X0)!=X0 \/ big_f(h(X0,X2),f(X0)) \/ h(X0,X2)=X2
*********** [9->17, normalize] ***********
  f(X0)!=X0 \/ big_f(h(X0,X2),f(X0)) \/ h(X0,X2)=X2
-----------------------------
  X0!=f(X0) \/ X2=h(X0,X2) \/ big_f(h(X0,X2),f(X0))
*********** [17->25, literal permutation] ***********
  X0!=f(X0) \/ X2=h(X0,X2) \/ big_f(h(X0,X2),f(X0))
-----------------------------
  f(X1)!=X1 \/ big_f(h(X1,X2),f(X1)) \/ h(X1,X2)=X2
*********** [29,25->31, backward demodulation] ***********
  f(X1)=X1
  f(X1)!=X1 \/ big_f(h(X1,X2),f(X1)) \/ h(X1,X2)=X2
-----------------------------
  big_f(h(X1,X2),X1) \/ h(X1,X2)=X2
*********** [1,31->33, resolution] ***********
  ~big_f(X0,X1) \/ X0=a
  big_f(h(X1,X2),X1) \/ h(X1,X2)=X2
-----------------------------
  h(X1,X2)=a \/ h(X1,X2)=X2
*********** [33->36, equality factoring] ***********
  h(X1,X2)=a \/ h(X1,X2)=X2
-----------------------------
  a!=X1 \/ h(X2,X1)=X1
*********** [36->40, equality resolution] ***********
  a!=X1 \/ h(X2,X1)=X1
-----------------------------
  h(X1,a)=a
*********** [10, input] ***********
f(X0)!=X0 \/ h(X0,X2)!=X2 \/ ~big_f(h(X0,X2),f(X0))
*********** [10->18, normalize] ***********
  f(X0)!=X0 \/ h(X0,X2)!=X2 \/ ~big_f(h(X0,X2),f(X0))
-----------------------------
  X0!=f(X0) \/ X2!=h(X0,X2) \/ ~big_f(h(X0,X2),f(X0))
*********** [18->24, literal permutation] ***********
  X0!=f(X0) \/ X2!=h(X0,X2) \/ ~big_f(h(X0,X2),f(X0))
-----------------------------
  h(X1,X2)!=X2 \/ ~big_f(h(X1,X2),f(X1)) \/ f(X1)!=X1
*********** [29,24->32, backward demodulation] ***********
  f(X1)=X1
  h(X1,X2)!=X2 \/ ~big_f(h(X1,X2),f(X1)) \/ f(X1)!=X1
-----------------------------
  h(X1,X2)!=X2 \/ ~big_f(h(X1,X2),X1)
*********** [40,32,40->41, backward superposition, forward demodulation] ***********
  h(X1,a)=a
  h(X1,X2)!=X2 \/ ~big_f(h(X1,X2),X1)
  h(X1,a)=a
-----------------------------
  ~big_f(a,X1)
*********** [35,41->42, resolution] ***********
  big_f(a,b)
  ~big_f(a,X1)
-----------------------------
  #
======= End of refutation =======

Entrants' Sample Solutions

FM-Darwin 1.4.1

Sample solution for MGT019+2

Sample solution for SWV010+1

Sample solution for MGT031-1

E and EP 0.999

Sample FOF proof for SYN075+1

Sample CNF proof for SYN075-1

E-KRHyper 1.0

Sample solution for SYN075-1

Geo 2007f

Sample solution for SYN075+1

Sample solution for SYN075-1

Sample solution for MGT019+2

Sample solution for SWV010+1

Sample solution for MGT031-1

Metis 2.0

Sample solution for SYN075-1

Sample solution for MGT019+2

Sample solution for SWV010+1

Sample solution for MGT031-1

Otter 3.3

Sample solution for SYN075-1

Sample solution for PUZ031-1

Paradox 1.3

Solution Description

Sample solution for MGT031-1

Sample solution for NLP041-1

Paradox 2.2

Sample solution for MGT019+2

Sample solution for SWV010+1

Sample solution for MGT031-1

Vampire 8.1

Sample solution for SYN075+1

Sample solution for SYN075-1

Vampire 9.0

Sample solution for SYN075+1

Sample solution for SYN075-1

Sample solution for `MGT019+2`

Sample solution for `SWV010+1`

Sample solution for `MGT031-1`

Sample FOF proof for `SYN075+1`

Sample CNF proof for `SYN075-1`

Sample solution for `SYN075-1`

Sample solution for `SYN075+1`

Sample solution for `SYN075-1`

Sample solution for `MGT019+2`

Sample solution for `SWV010+1`

Sample solution for `MGT031-1`

Sample solution for `SYN075-1`

Sample solution for `MGT019+2`

Sample solution for `SWV010+1`

Sample solution for `MGT031-1`

Sample solution for `SYN075-1`

Sample solution for `PUZ031-1`

Sample solution for `MGT031-1`

Sample solution for `NLP041-1`

Sample solution for `MGT019+2`

Sample solution for `SWV010+1`

Sample solution for `MGT031-1`

Sample solution for `SYN075+1`

Sample solution for `SYN075-1`

Sample solution for `SYN075+1`

Sample solution for `SYN075-1`